近代乡村师范学校及对公费师范生培养的启示

Modern Rural Normal Schools and Its Enlightenment to the Training of Public-funded Normal School Students

专门培养乡村教师的近代乡村师范学校肇始于清末,在近半个世纪的历程中经历了思想酝酿期、体系建立期、制度完善期,虽最终式微没落,但其“为农”的培养目标,“亲农”的课程设置,“归农”的教育实习,“融农”的毕业服务,依然在师范教育史上留下了宝贵的经验。同为乡村教育培养乡村教师,近代乡村师范教育可谓是当代公费师范生教育的嚆矢。审视当下公费师范生的培养状况,培养目标“远农”、课程设置“疏农”、教育实习“离农”以及毕业服务“拒农”等问题值得我们反思。为了让公费师范生教育能够达成政策设计的初衷,以史为鉴,我们需要厘清培养目标,厚植乡土情怀;重构课程体系,打磨乡村底色;规范教育实习,完善实践谱系;引导生涯规划,提升乡村自觉,从而培养一批真正“下得去”“留得住”“教得好”“融得进”“扎得深”的乡村教师。

Modern rural normal schools specializing in training rural teachers started at the end of the Qing Dynasty.In the course of nearly half a century,they experienced the incubation period,system establishment period and system improvement period.Although it declined in the end,its training goal of“serving agriculture”,“pro-agriculture”curriculum,"returning to agriculture"teaching practice and“integrating agriculture”employment orientation still left valuable experience in the history of normal education.In training rural teachers,modern rural normal education can be regarded as pioneering for today’s public-funded normal education.On the other hand,the current public-funded normal education is worth examining as its training goal is“away from agriculture”,the curriculum is“short of agriculture”,the teaching practice is“leaving agriculture”,and the employment prospect is“rejecting agriculture”.In order to achieve its original goal,public-funded normal education needs to take history as a mirror,clarify its training objectives and cultivate aspiration for local development,reconstruct its curriculum system and make it rural-oriented,standardize teaching practice and improve its range,guide its career planning and enhance rural-awareness so as to practically train a group of rural teachers who are truly able to go to the rural areas,stay there,teach well,blend in,and integrate thereafter.