美国应急管理体制中的协同治理困境与出路

The Dilemma and Outlet of Collaborative Governance in American Emergency Management System

协同治理是应急管理体制面临的重要问题。尽管美国的应急管理体制在协同治理方面组织架构完整、法规条文充分、任务分工明确、合作通道顺畅,但在实践中,其协同治理却陷入了“同舟难共济”的困境。在协同治理权变模型的分析框架下,美国应急管理主体的能力差异、合作心态、合作历史和合作制度环境造成协同治理实施与否的困境。美国应急管理体制中存在决策壁垒、治理权威匮乏和“搭便车”问题,是美国应急管理制度设计带来的协同治理现实困境。松散耦合的协作系统、“全危机”和“全周期”的协作理念、富有弹性的“全社会”协作方式则是美国应急管理体制探索出的“同舟共济”出路。

Collaborative governance is an important issue facing the emergency management systems.Although the emergency management system in the United States has a complete organizational structure,sufficient regulations,clear division of tasks,and smooth cooperation channels in terms of collaborative governance,in practice,its collaborative governance has fallen into the dilemma of“failing to help each other in the same boat”.Under the analytical framework of contingency model of collaborative governance,the differences in capabilities,cooperative mentality,cooperative history and cooperative institutional environment of emergency management subjects in the United States create the dilemma of whether to implement collaborative governance.There are decision-making barriers,lack of governance authority and“free-rider”problems in the emergency management system of the United States,which are the realistic dilemma of collaborative governance brought about by the design of the emergency management system in the United States.The loosely coupled collaboration system,the“whole crisis”and“full cycle”collaboration concept,and the flexible“whole-society”collaboration method are the way out for the United States emergency management system to“help each other in the same boat”.