有蹄类动物对地震灾害体秋季微生境利用与选择特征

Selection and Utilization of Microhabitats by Ungulates on the Earthquake Damaged Sites in Autumn

为探究地震等大型自然干扰发生后有蹄类动物对受损灾害体秋季微生境利用与选择特征,于汶川地震后第2~11年(2010—2019年)采用固定样方法对卧龙自然保护区内40个地震灾害体进行定期调查。实地测定海拔、坡度、坡向等10个相关环境因子,采用核密度分析方法对有蹄类动物微生境利用与选择特征及种间生态位重叠进行分析。结果表明:(1)对灾害体利用频率由高到低的有蹄类动物分别为中华斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)、水鹿(Rusa unicolor)、中华鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)和毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)。其中,毛冠鹿对地震灾害体的利用率随植被恢复呈上升趋势,而中华鬣羚呈下降趋势。(2)中华斑羚偏好海拔2400 m左右、木本种数多、植被盖度较大、土壤占比高的生境。中华鬣羚偏好海拔2600 m、木本种数多、植被盖度较小、裸岩与碎石占比高的生境。毛冠鹿偏好海拔2400~2600 m、草本种数多、植被盖度较大、土壤占比高的生境。水鹿偏好海拔2100 m左右、草本种数多、植被盖度较大、裸岩与碎石占比高的生境。(3)中华鬣羚和中华斑羚、毛冠鹿和中华斑羚两个物种对之间在灾害体微生境利用上表现出较高的相似性,而水鹿分别与中华鬣羚、毛冠鹿、中华斑羚的微生境变量重叠度较低,存在较大的生态位分化。通过有蹄类动物对地震灾害体秋季微生境选择特征的调查,可丰富有蹄类动物应对地震灾害的行为特征信息,为震后制定野生动物的有效保护政策以及受损灾害体的恢复措施提供参考。

To explore the microhabitat selection and utilization characteristics of ungulates in areas experienced earthquake damages,a regular survey of 40 field sites affected by earthquake in Wolong Nature Reserve was conducted from the sec⁃ond year to the 11th year(2010-2019)after the Wenchuan Earthquake.10 related environmental factors such as altitude,slope,and aspect on the spot were measured.Kernel density analysis was performed to analyze the characteristics of ungu⁃lates on microhabitat selection and utilization,and the overlap of niches among species was evaluated.The results show that:(1)The ungulates with high to low utilization frequency of the sites experienced earthquake damages are Chinese go⁃ral(Naemorhedus griseus),sambar(Rusa unicolor),Chinese serow(Capricornis milneedwardsii)and tufted deer(Ela⁃phodus cephalophus).The utilization rate of the earthquake⁃damaged sites by tufted deer increased with vegetation restora⁃tion,while the overall utilization rate by Chinese serow decreased.(2)Chinese goral prefers habitats with an altitude of about 2400 m,large number of woody species,large vegetation coverage and high soil ratio.Chinese serow prefers habitats with altitude of 2600 m,large number of woody species,small vegetation coverage,and high ratio of bare rock or gravel.The tufted deer prefers habitats with altitude of 2400-2600 m,large number of herb species,large vegetation coverage and high soil ratio.The sambar prefers habitats with altitude of 2100 m,large number of herb species,large vegetation coverage,and high ratio of bare rock or gravel.(3)A high similarity in micro⁃habitat utilization of earthquake⁃damaged sites was found between Chinese serow and Chinese goral,and between Chinese goral and tufted deer.The overlap in mi⁃cro⁃habitat variables between sambar and Chinese serow,sambar and tufted deer,sambar and Chinese goral is low,and there was a large niche differentiation.By investigating the microhabitat selection characteristics of ungulate species in sites experienced earthquake damages,the study may enrich information about behavioral characteristics of ungulate species in dealing with earthquake damages and support effective species conservation policies and restoration measures after earth⁃quake damages.