理想受述者与读者修辞模式

The Ideal Narratee and the Rhetorical Model of Audiences

在把理想叙述读者的术语/概念替换为理想受述者的术语/概念的基础上,我们提议修改修辞性叙述理论的小说读者模型(真实的、作者的、叙述的、理想叙述的,和受述者),这里理想受述者被定义为叙述者希望他们正对之讲话的读者。这一修改提请关注作者处理真实受述者和理想受述者之间关系的各种方式(真实受述者可能与理想受述者一致,也可能不一致),这种多样性反过来又表明需要对作者使用受述者的情况进行更为通用的分类。该分类法依照真实和理想受述者之间各种一致程度确定了三个可辨识的不同系列:(1)明显一致,(2)不确定一致,(3)不一致。基于作者对一致程度的处理如何引导读者的关注点,该分类法还确定了每一类别中的两个主要变体:主要关于被叙,叙述行动,还是两者兼有?这一点通过广泛的案例分析可以得到阐释和证明。

This article proposes to revise rhetorical narrative theory’s model of audiences in fiction(actual,authorial,narrative,ideal narrative,and narratee)by replacing the term/concept of the ideal narrative audience with that of the ideal narratee,defined as the audience the narrator wishes they were addressing.This revision calls attention to the various ways that authors can handle the relations between the actual narratee and the ideal narratee(the actual may—or may not—coincide with the ideal),and such variety,in turn,points to the need for a more general taxonomy of authorial uses of the narratee.This taxonomy identifies three recognizably distinct ranges along a single broad spectrum of degrees of alignment between actual and ideal narratees:(1)clear alignment,(2)uncertain alignment,and(3)non⁃alignment.The taxonomy also identifies two main variants within each category based on how an author’s handling of the degree of alignment guides their readers’focus:is it primarily on the narrated,the narrating,or both?The paper demonstrates the interpretive payoffs of the taxonomy through its analysis of a wide array of case studies.