从性论到心性论--朱子《明道论性说》对明道性论的继承与发展

From Theory of Nature to Theory of Mind and Nature:Zhu Xi Inherits and Develops Mingdao’s Theory of Nature by Mingdao’s Theory of Nature

《明道论性说》是朱子对明道性论的代表性段落的阐释。从朱子对明道性论的诠释,可以看出他对明道性论的继承与发展,将“性论”发展为“心性论”。朱子借用明道以水之“清”与“浊”来比喻人性之“善”与“恶”的论证方法,以明道论证时所用的范畴和用典为基础,特地增加了范畴“心”与“情”,以“善”为出发点和终极目标,论证性本善和通过“学以胜气”的心性修养复归于善性。与此同时,朱子将明道的“性可以善”发展为“性本善”,将“教”发展为“学”,将“我”发展为“圣人”。其关键之处是:朱子完善了明道性论中的不足之处,明确了其可疑之处,消弭了其矛盾之处,回答了“性本善,而恶从哪里来又到哪里去”的问题,构建了其系统的心性论。

Mingdao’s Theory of Nature(《明道论性说》)is Zhu Xi’s(朱子1130-1200)special commentaries to Mingdao’s(Cheng Hao程颢1032⁃1085)representative paragraphs on the theory of nature.From Zhu Xi’s commentaries to the theory of nature,it can be seen that he inherited and developed the theory,from“Theory of Nature”to“Theory of Mind and Nature.”Zhu Xi borrowed Mingdao’s argumentation method of comparing the“good”and“evil”of human nature to the“clear”and“turbid”of water.Based on the categories and allusions used in Mingdao’s argumentation,he specially added the categories of“heart”and“emotion,”taking the“good”as the starting point and ultimate goal,demonstrating that nature is good and returning to goodness through the psychological cultivation of“learning to overcome qi(difficult temperament)(学以胜气).”At the same time,Zhu Xi developed Mingdao’s“nature can be good”into“nature is good,”“teaching”into“learning,”and“self”into a sage.The key point is that Zhu Xi filled in the gaps in Mingdao’s theory of human nature,identified what is dubious,removed its contradictions,answered the question“while human nature is good,where evil comes from and where it goes,”and constructed his systematic theory of mind and nature.