新疆沙雅县冬小麦肥料利用率试验研究

Experimental Study on Fertilizer Utilization Rate of Winter Wheat in Shaya County,Xinjiang

为探究当地肥料利用率状况,明确土壤理化性质、小麦产量构成和养分吸收量对小麦肥料利用率的影响。以新冬22号小麦为供试品种,在新疆沙雅县设置配方施肥肥料利用率试验,设NPK处理、PK处理、NK处理、NP处理、CK处理5个处理,分别施N 234.60 kg/hm_(2),P_(2)O_(5) 117.30 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 22.50 kg/hm^(2),在小麦灌浆期、成熟期取植株样,分别测定氮、磷、钾吸收量及干物质量,在成熟期测产并测定产量构成因素计算肥料利用率。同时取耕作层土样,分析土壤速效氮、磷、钾养分含量。与NPK处理相比,PK、NK、NP处理分别降低了土壤中N、P、K速效养分含量,对小麦养分吸收量、干物质量的影响以氮肥最大、磷肥次之、钾肥最小。氮、磷、钾肥配合施用能使小麦产量达到较高水平,为7006.24 kg/hm^(2),与NPK处理相比,PK、NK、NP处理对小麦产量的影响以氮肥最大,磷肥次之,钾肥最小,分别降低了32.25%、18.62%、3.13%。氮、磷、钾肥配合施用仍应注意氮素的施用量和施用方式,可少施钾肥。氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别为:氮31.71%、磷17.96%、钾52.15%。

To explore the local fertilizer utilization rate and clarify the effects of soil physical and chemical properties,wheat yield composition and nutrient absorption on wheat fertilizer utilization rate.Xindong wheat 22 was taken as the test variety,and the experiment of fertilizer utilization rate of formula fertilization was set up in Shaya County,Xinjiang,including NPK treatment,PK treatment,NK treatment,NP treatment and CK treatment.N 234.60 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)117.30 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 22.50 kg/hm^(2) were applied,and plant samples were taken at grain filling stage and maturity stage to measure nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium uptake and dry matter,respectively.Yield and yield components were measured at maturity stage to calculate fertilizer utilization rate.At the same time,the soil samples of the tillage layer were taken to analyze the contents of soil available nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium.Compared with NPK treatment,PK,NK and NP treatments reduced the contents of N,P and K available nutrients in soil,respectively.The effects on nutrient absorption and dry matter quality of wheat were nitrogen fertilizer,followed by phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer at the end.The combined application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer could make the wheat yield reach a high level of 7006.24 kg/hm^(2).Compared with NPK treatment,the effect of PK,NK and NP treatment on wheat yield was nitrogen fertilizer,followed by phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer,which were reduced by 32.25%,18.62% and 3.13%,respectively.Moreover,the application amount and methods should be paid attention to in the combination of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and less potassium fertilizer can be applied.The utilization rate of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were:N 31.71%,P 17.96% and K 52.15%,respectively.