花生玉米间作对土壤酶活性、养分及作物产量的影响

Crop Yield,Rhizosphere Enzyme Activity,and Soil Fertility as Affected by Peanut/Maize Intercropping

【目的】研究花生玉米间作对土壤酶活性、养分及作物产量的影响。【方法】采用大田试验的方法,以泉花557及雪甜7401为材料,在不同生育时期,测定花生单作、玉米单作和花生玉米间作根际土壤养分含量和酶活性的变化规律,并进行相关性分析。【结果】(1)在花生开花下针期和结荚期,花生玉米间作处理作物根际土壤脲酶活性分别比花生单作提高4.7%和5.0%,分别比玉米单作提高了2.6%和4.3%。(2)在花生苗期、开花下针期及花生成熟期,间作处理作物根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性分别比花生单作提高8.0%、13.0%和34.7%,分别比玉米单作提高11.1%、19.6%和6.4%。(3)在花生苗期、开花下针期、结荚期及花生成熟期,花生玉米间作处理作物根际土壤蔗糖酶活性分别比花生单作提高1.5%、21.5%、11.2%和6.4%,分别比玉米单作提高了46.4%、33.8%、27.3%和11.1%。(4)在花生成熟期时,间作根区土壤的碱解氮和速效钾含量分别比玉米单作提高15.11%和5.66%,碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别比花生单作提高了3.42%、13.17%和11.39%。(5)相关性分析结果表明,在花生开花下针期,碱解氮与酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05),有效磷与酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05);在花生结荚期,碱解氮与蔗糖酶存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05);速效钾与酸性磷酸酶存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05);在花生成熟期,速效钾与过氧化氢酶存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。(6)花生玉米间作的经济收益为48217.50元·hm^(-2),分别比花生单作和玉米单作的收益增加8842.50元·hm^(-2)和3157.50元·hm^(-2)。【结论】花生玉米间作可以改善两种作物根际土壤酶活性和养分状况,并能提高经济效益。

【Objective】Effects of peanut/maize intercropping on crop yield,rhizosphere enzyme activity,and nutrients in soil were studied.【Method】In a field experiment,Quanhua 557 peanut and Xuetian 7401 maize plants were cultivated either separately or under intercropping.The resulting crop yields as well as the nutrient content and enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soils were monitored at different growth stages of peanut monoculture,maize monoculture and peanut/maize intercropping for a correlation analysis.【Result】(1)In comparison with monoculture,peanut intercropped with maize raised the rhizosphere urease activity by 4.7%at peanut flowering stage,and by 5.0%at pod setting stage.For maize,the increases at the stages were 2.6%and 4.3%,respectively.(2)During seedling,flowering/needle setting,and maturation of the peanut plants,the acid phosphatase activities in soil were 8.0%,13.0%,and 34.7%,respectively,higher under intercropping than monoculture.For maize,the activities rose by 11.1%,19.6%,and 6.4%,respectively.(3)In the seedling,flowering/needle setting,pod setting,and maturation of peanut plants,the invertase activity in soil increased 1.5%,21.5%,11.2%,and 6.4%,respectively,by the intercropping.In those stages of maize plants,the increases were 46.4%,33.8%,27.3%,and 11.1%,respectively.(4)At peanut maturation,the contents of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium in the intercropped rhizosphere soil were 15.11%and 5.66%,respectively,higher than those of maize monoculture,while the contents of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium 3.42%,13.17%,and 11.39%,respectively,higher than those of monoculture.(5)A significant correlation existed between the alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and the activities of acid phosphatase and sucrase,as well as between the available phosphorus and the activities of acid phosphatase and sucrase,in soil when the peanut plants were flowering and needle setting(P<0.05).At the pod setting stage,it was one between the alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and the invertase activity(P<0.05),and another between the available potassium and the acid phosphatase(P<0.05).At maturity of peanut,available potassium in the rhizosphere soil correlated significantly with catalase activity(P<0.05).(6)The intercropping generated 48217.50 yuan·hm^(-2) in revenue,which was 8842.50 yuan·hm^(-2) more than the peanut monoculture or 3157.50 yuan·hm^(-2) more than the maize monoculture.【Conclusion】The peanut/maize intercropping significantly increased the enzyme activity and nutrient contents in the rhizosphere soil as well as the economic return over monoculture of either crop.