知识产权行使的正当性考量:知识产权滥用及其规制研究

Justification of the Exercise of Intellectual Property Rights:Intellectual Property Rights Misuse and Its Regulation

知识产权滥用是知识产权人违背诚实信用原则,不当行使权利,违背设立知识产权制度的宗旨和知识产权保护的公共政策,损害他人合法权益、社会公共利益的违法行为。知识产权滥用概念肇始于英美国家,经过判例法发展而形成较为完整的理论体系。知识产权滥用具有多种表现形式,大体上分为构成一般权利滥用的知识产权滥用行为与构成排除、限制竞争的知识产权滥用行为。其中,前者包括对他人依据知识产权法律制度内的权利限制进行的正当使用不当主张权利的行为,不适当延长知识产权保护期限的行为,与欺诈和掠夺在先权利有关的知识产权滥用行为,以及涉及知识产权维权和诉讼的知识产权滥用行为;后者如利用强势地位签订垄断协议、滥用市场支配地位和经营者集中等排除、限制竞争的行为。鉴于知识产权滥用行为对于其他经营者和社会公共利益具有损害性,需要对其予以法律规制。具体而言,包括以知识产权法和反垄断法规制知识产权滥用行为,强化知识产权滥用的司法审查以及强化行政监管和行业协会监管等。

Misuse of intellectual property rights(IPRs)is an illegal act by intellectual property(IP)owners who violate the principle of good faith,improperly exercise their rights,violate the institutional purpose of establishing IPRs and public policies for IP protection,and damage the legitimate rights and interests of others and the public interests of society.The concept of IP misuse originated in the United Kingdom and the United States,and through the development of case law,a relatively comprehensive system of theory has been formed.The misuse of IP has various forms,roughly divided into the one that constitutes general misuse of rights and the another one that constitutes exclusion and restriction of competition.The former one belongs to the restrictions within the IP law system,the misuse of IPRs that could have been used properly,the inappropriate extension of the term of IP protection,the misuse of IPRs related to fraud and plundering of prior rights,and the misuse when seeking protection of IPRs for litigation;the latter,such as the use of a dominant position to reach the monopoly agreements to exclude or restrict competition,misuse of market dominance and concentration of operators.Given that the misuse of IPRs is harmful to other operators and social public interests,it shall be regulated by law.Specifically,the regulation of IP misuse is based on IP law,the anti-monopoly law,the strengthening of judicial review on IP misuse,and the strengthing of administrative and industrial supervision.