科技考古研究范式之思考

Paradigms of archaeometric studies

范式自20世纪60年代创立以来,已普遍使用于多个科学研究领域,并于七八十年代引入至考古学。目前,国内外学界对考古学的研究范式有不少讨论,但对科技考古的研究范式的认知仍属空白。本文在简要介绍科学研究范式和考古学研究范式的基础上,首次提出了科技考古研究的3种范式,即科技范式、考古范式、科技考古融合范式,详细阐述了3种研究范式的理论、方法、实践等。此外,本文还指出:科技范式是推动科技考古研究发展的“发动机”,考古范式是掌控科技考古研究方向的“方向盘”,而科技考古融合范式则是协调科技考古各研究领域的“中控台”,真正让科技与考古融为一体。最后,笔者还对在科技考古研究范式下如何构建研究人员的知识体系提出了一些看法。

The concept of paradigm is defined as the world view and behavioral pattern abided by the science community in one specific normal science universally.Since its creation in 1960’s,paradigm has been widely used in many scientific fields.It was introduced to archaeology discipline between 1970’s and 1980’s and has been widely discussed in domestic and oversea scholars.Archaeometry or archaeological science,the interdisciplinary subject based on the interplay of the natural sciences and archaeology,has developed quickly since 1960’s and had revolutionary impacts on the theories,methods and practices of archaeology.However,the archaeometric paradigms have never been discussed in domestic and international fields.On the basis of the author’s practices on teaching,research,and graduate training in the archaeometric field for 20 years,the author would like to put forward the archaeometric paradigm from the own perspective.At first,the paper introduced the paradigms of nature sciences and archaeology respectively.Subsequently,three paradigms of archaeometric studies were suggested for the first time,i.e.,science paradigm,archaeology paradigm,and convergence paradigm of science and archaeology.The details on theories,methodology,and practices of these paradigms were demonstrated.The science paradigm focuses on the exploration of new scientific methods and analytical techniques in the research while the archaeology paradigm concentrates on the interpretation of scientific data within the archaeological contexts and tries to answer the archaeological questions.The convergence paradigm of science and archaeology converges the theories,methods and technology from many disciplines such as natural sciences,archaeology,history,anthropology and other related humanity sciences and social sciences,and its purpose is to solve the important archaeological questions.Furthermore,the contributions of each paradigms to archaeometric studies were also discussed.The science paradigm is the“engine”to accelerate the development of archaeometry,and while the archaeology paradigm is the“steering”to control the research direction of archaeometry.The convergence paradigm of science and archaeology is the“center console”to reconcile several fields of archaeometric research that will lead to the fusion of science and archaeology as a whole.No matter what paradigm the researchers would like to follow,they must build on the both grounds of scientific and archaeological knowledge structures.Finally,the author also puts forward some views on how to build the knowledge system of researchers under the research paradigm of scientific and technological archaeology.