国外深度伪造技术政策文本分析与启示——以美国、欧盟为例

Analysis and Enlightenment of International Deepfake Technology Policy Texts:Taking the United States and the European Union as Examples

[目的/意义]深度伪造技术政策是技术异化治理的重要手段,通过分析美国与欧盟深度伪造政策内容,从而思考中国如何运用政策手段来对深度伪造技术异化进行治理。[方法/过程]文章选择美国与欧盟发布的21份政策文献作为研究对象,利用Nvivo12软件进行政策编码。然后以基本政策工具作为X维度,以技术异化治理维度作为Y维度,综合X&Y维度进行内容分析。[结果/结论]研究发现,美国与欧盟的深度伪造技术政策以环境型政策为主且较为关注对技术、个体和组织的治理,除此之外,也关注技术伦理的宣传与教育。据此,得出中国政府应制定深度伪造技术异化治理方案、促进政府主导的深度伪造技术创新实践、实现技术伦理与政策工具的结合、积极参与国际深度伪造技术异化治理等启示,从而建立健全中国的技术异化治理政策体系。

[Purpose/Significance]In the digital age,artificial intelligence(AI)technologies based on intelligent algorithms have a huge impact on people's lives,and one representative technology is deepfake technology.It is a derivative technology that appears naturally in the development of AI technology,and is mainly used in speech synthesis,AI face changing,etc.However,the abuse of deepfake technologies has caused varying degrees of threat to national security,social and public security,and privacy and reputation.Therefore,it is necessary for the government to formulate policies to guide the behavior of deepfake technology subjects.[Method/Process]Through online research,it is found that the United States and the European Union have paid much attention to the alienation of deepfake technology,and have formulated a series of policies to govern it.Therefore,the deepfake technology policies of the United States and the European Union were selected as the research object.This paper adopts the"X-Y"two-dimensional analysis framework to analyze the deepfake policy text.The X dimension is the basic policy tool,and the Y dimension is the perspective of how to deal with technology alienation.Finally,a comprehensive analysis of the two was carried out,that is,the application of policy tools in dealing with technology alienation is studied.This paper uses Nvivo12 to complete the coding of policy tools,codes the policy terms one by one according to the selected policy tool types,and then analyzes the coding results and draws conclusions.[Results/Conclusions]The deepfake technology policies of the United States and the European Union have certain characteristics in content,such as focusing on environmental policy tools,paying more attention to the governance of technology,individuals and organizations,and focusing on the publicity and education of technology ethics.But in general,it is based on its existing system to increase the governance of the alienation phenomenon of deepfake technology,so as to strengthen the mutual promotion and integration of new policies and old policies.For China,the governance of deepfake technology alienation should be started as soon as possible.Specific measures include formulating deepfake technology alienation governance plans,promoteing government-led deepfake technology innovation practices,realizing the combination of technology ethics and policy tools,actively participating in international governance of deepfake technology alienation.In addition,this paper takes the deepfake technology policies of the United States and the European Union as an example,which has certain limitations,so in the future research,we will expand the selection of samples.