乳腺癌疫苗的现状与展望

Research progresses of breast cancer vaccines for breast cancer

目前临床上化疗、靶向治疗和内分泌治疗三者已经构成了乳腺癌非手术治疗的基石,从临床治疗现状来看,乳腺癌的总体治愈率有了明显提高。但是,针对晚期转移性乳腺癌的患者,目前的治疗手段对晚期乳腺癌患者的治疗效果不佳。肿瘤疫苗疗法的出现有望解决这个临床难题。乳腺癌疫苗是新近出现的治疗手段,大致可分为预防性疫苗和治疗性疫苗两类。疫苗疗法引入了肿瘤相关抗原,可以诱导机体免疫系统激活,从而精准杀伤癌细胞。同时,由于机体存在长时间的免疫记忆,这种疗法还有可能降低癌症复发的几率。但是目前开展的临床研究结果的乳腺癌通用型疫苗并没有体现出显著的治疗效果。因此,为了提高乳腺癌疫苗对晚期转移性乳腺癌患者的治疗效果,应当考虑将乳腺癌通用型疫苗与现有的化疗、放疗和靶向治疗等手段相结合,或者尝试开发个体化新抗原疫苗,以使患者获益。本文旨在结合目前乳腺癌疫苗的临床研究结果,对其发展前景进行评述并为开发治疗或者预防效果更好的乳腺癌疫苗提供参考。

At present,chemotherapy,targeted therapy and endocrine therapy have constituted the corner⁃stone of non⁃surgical treatment of breast cancer.From the clinical treatment status,the overall cure rate of breast cancer has been significantly improved.However,there is still a lack of adequate treatment for patients with advanced metastatic breast cancer.The advent of cancer vaccine therapy promises to solve this clinical dilemma.Breast cancer vaccine is a new treatment,which can be roughly divided into two categories:preventive vaccine and thera⁃peutic vaccine.Vaccine therapy introduces tumor⁃associated antigens,which can induce the activation of the body′s immune system to precisely kill cancer cells.It may also reduce the risk of cancer recurrence because of the body′s long immune memory.However,the clinical research results of universal breast cancer vaccine have not shown significant therapeutic effect.Therefore,in order to improve the therapeutic effect of patients with advanced meta⁃static breast cancer,it is necessary to consider trying to combine universal breast cancer vaccine with existing chemotherapy,radiotherapy,targeted therapy and other means,or try to develop individualized neoantigen vaccine to benefit patients.This article aims to review the development prospect of breast cancer vaccine and provide refer⁃ence for the development of breast cancer vaccine with better therapeutic or preventive effect.