经验法则在刑事诉讼事实认定中的适用——以155份刑事判决书为样本的实证研究

The application of empirical law in finding of facts in criminal procedure——An empirical study on 155 criminal verdicts

经验法则在刑事诉讼事实认定中被适用于证据评价和事实推定,具备评价证据能力、证明力的作用,在事实推定中用以推定被告人主观方面、危害行为、因果关系及犯罪数额等。将经验法则类型化有助于其在刑事诉讼事实认定中的规范适用,根据经验法则盖然性的高低,结合不同的适用场域,可以将经验法则分为“必然性经验法则”“或然性经验法则”以及“可能性经验法则”。相关主体适用“必然性经验法则”认定事实时无须再结合其他证据或事实,适用“或然性经验法则”认定事实时必须结合其他证据或事实予以印证。“可能性经验法则”在盖然性方面与“或然性经验法则”存在重合,区别在于其独特作用是在刑事诉讼事实认定中启动“存疑有利于被告”原则。

The rule of thumb is applied to the evaluation of evidence and the presumption of fact in the determination of facts in criminal procedure.It has the function of evaluating the ability of evidence and the power of proof.It serves as the major premise in the syllogism of presumption of fact,and is used to infer the elements such as the subjective aspect of the defendant,the harmful behavior,the causal relationship and the amount of crime.The classification of empirical rules is conducive to the standardized application of empirical rules in the determination of facts in criminal proceedings.According to the high or low probability of empirical rules and the different application fields,empirical rules can be divided into“empirical rules of necessity”,“empirical rules of probability”and“empirical rules of possibility”.Relevant subjects do not need to combine other evidences or facts to confirm the facts when applying the empirical law of necessity,while the relevant subjects must combine other evidences or facts to confirm the facts when applying the empirical law of probability.The rule of thumb of possibility overlaps with the rule of thumb of probability in the aspect of probability,but the difference lies in that its unique function is to initiate the principle of“doubt is in favor of the defendant”in the finding of facts in criminal proceedings.