放射性核素及重金属污染土壤电动修复技术研究进展

Research progress on electrokinetic remediation technology of radionuclide and heavy metal contaminated soil

工业、农业和核技术的快速发展不可避免地带来土壤放射性核素及重金属污染问题,对生态环境安全及人体健康造成威胁。因此,选择高效科学的修复技术对改善和解决土壤放射性核素及重金属污染问题至关重要。物理修复技术适用于大面积污染土壤,该技术具有处理速度快的优点,但存在修复不彻底的缺点;化学修复技术适用于有高渗透能力的污染土壤,该技术通过使用固化剂与污染物络合形成沉淀从而去除污染物,其优点是处理速度较快,但存在易产生二次污染的缺点;生物修复技术适用范围较广,在修复过程中对土壤结构没有影响、成本低,但修复周期长,且不适用高浓度污染土壤的修复。电动修复技术是新兴的修复技术,具有可有效处理低渗透性污染土壤、修复时间短等优点,在土壤修复方面表现出一定优势。近年来,研究者们在放射性核素及重金属污染土壤电动修复技术方面开展了大量研究,但是针对这方面的综述还鲜有报道。因此,通过综述放射性核素及重金属污染土壤电动修复技术、电动增强修复技术及电动修复联合技术,展望了电动修复技术的发展趋势,以期为电动修复技术在土壤污染修复方面的发展提供参考。

Heavy metal and radionuclide pollution of soil is inextricably linked to the rapid development of industry,agriculture,and nuclear technology,posing a threat to ecological and environmental safety as well as human health.As a result,selecting effective and scientific remediation technologies is critical for improving and resolving the problem of heavy metal and radionuclide pollution in soil.Physical remediation technology can be used on vast amounts of polluted soil,and it has the benefits of a large remediation area and quick treatment,but it also has the drawback of incomplete restoration.For contaminated soils with a high permeability,chemical treatment is the best option.This technology eliminates contaminants by combining them with a curing agent to produce a precipitation.It has the advantage of high remediation efficiency and a quick treatment time,but it also has the downside of secondary contamination.Bioremediation technology can be used in a variety of situations.During remediation,it has little effect on the soil structure and has low remediation costs.However,the remediation period is long and it is not ideal for highly contaminated soils.Electrokinetic remediation technology is a new type of remediation that has the advantages of treating low-permeability polluted soil effectively and in a short period.Meanwhile,electrokinetic remediation has demonstrated some benefits when used in conjunction with other technologies.Although a lot of research has been done on electrokinetic remediation technology for heavy metal and radionuclide polluted soils in recent years,there have been few reviews published in this area.As a result,the electrokinetic remediation of heavy metals and radioactive pollution in soil was firstly discussed in this study.Then,the improved electrokinetic remediation technologies and the combined remediation technology based on electrokinetic technology were reviewed.Finally,the development direction of electrokinetic remediation technology was prospected to serve as the basis for electrokinetic remediation technology development in soil pollution remediation.