基于生态足迹视角的长江流域生态补偿额度测算

Calculation of ecological compensation amount in Yangtze River Basin based on ecological footprint

随着我国城市化进程的加快,导致的生态问题日益严重,发展与保护的矛盾日渐突出,如何客观定量地对生态环境受到破坏的区域进行补偿,发展与环境健康并行是生态建设中面临的重要任务之一。以长江流域的十九个省级行政区作为研究对象,基于“省公顷”模型,对均衡因子及产量因子进行修正,计算生态足迹及生态承载力,利用GIS平台进行并对其进行空间分析;结合生态系统服务价值,建立了动态化长江流域的生态补偿标准模型;对长江流域各行政区生态补偿额度进行测算,并基于流域尺度、城市群尺度、省级尺度进行差异化分析。研究结果表明:(1)在2015—2017年,长江流域的生态足迹与生态承载力无明显变化,三年内基本持平。长江流域省级行政区的生态安全指数均大于1,表明整个流域处于不安全状态,需要对其进行补偿。(2)对于长江流域整体而言,生态补偿额度三年平均为1169.11亿元。(3)流域尺度上,上游、中游、下游的生态补偿额度呈现逐渐升高的趋势;城市群尺度上,成渝城市群最低,长江三角洲城市群最高;省级尺度上,上海最高,西藏最低。本文通过生态足迹及生态承载力计算得到的生态安全指数,可对生态环境所处的状态进行定量补偿及分析,并对生态补偿区域的确定提供指导性建议。

With the acceleration of China′s urbanization process, the ecological problems are becoming more and more serious, and the contradiction between development and protection is becoming more and more prominent. How to objectively and quantitatively compensate the damaged areas, and balance development and environmental health is one of the important tasks in the ecological construction. This paper took 19 provincially administrative regions in the Yangtze River Basin as the research object, based on the “provincial hectare” model, modified the equilibrium factor and yield factor, calculated the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity, and made spatial analysis by GIS. At the same time, combined with ecosystem service value, a dynamic ecological compensation standard model of the Yangtze River Basin was established. The amount of ecological compensation in each administrative region was calculated, and the differentiation analysis was carried out at the watershed scale, urban agglomeration scale and provincial scale. The results show that:(1) there was no significant change in the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of the Yangtze River Basin from 2015 to 2017. The ecological security indexes of provincial administrative regions are greater than 1, indicating that the whole basin is in an unsafe state and needs to be compensated.(2) For the whole Yangtze River Basin, the ecological compensation amount averaged 116.91 billion CNY in three years.(3) On the watershed scale, the ecological compensation amount in the upper, middle and lower reaches shows a gradually increasing trend. On the scale of urban agglomeration, the ecological compensation amount of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration is the lowest and the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration is the highest. On the provincial scale, the ecological compensation amount of Shanghai is the highest and Tibet is the lowest. The ecological security index calculated by ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity can quantitatively compensate and analyze the state of ecological environment, and provide guiding suggestions for the determination of ecological compensation area.