革命的修养与修养的革命——作为儒家修身学现代形态的革命修养论

Revolutionary Self-cultivation and the Revolution of Self-cultivation:Revolutionary Self-cultivation Theory as the Modern Form of Confucian Self-cultivation Theory

近年来兴起的工夫论研究启发我们从儒家修身学的视角研究中国共产党的革命修养论。从发生叙事来看,革命修养论是现代国民道德修养论的发展,并由于中国革命道路决定采用“民间文化形式”的现实要求而成为全党的思想改造武器。从逻辑解析来看,革命修养论继承了德性优先的思想逻辑,将儒家修身学中的天命之性/气质之性、君子/小人之辨等通过阶级性赋予了现代内涵,并发展出一套彻底的“动”中修养观念。组织化力量是革命修养论取得成功之关键,思想逻辑与组织逻辑的统一使其具备完整的现代性治理术特征。儒家修身学通过转型为革命修养论完成了现代化变革,但也对自身造成了破坏性影响。在后革命修养时代,错过了回应韦伯问题的机会以后,消费社会中的市场主体不再需要一套自觉的修养技术,儒家修身学的未来还需拭目以待。

The burgeoning study of Chinese traditional theory of self-cultivation in recent years has inspired us to examine the revolutionary self-cultivation theory of the Chinese Communist Party from a Confucian perspective.Judged from its origination,the revolutionary self-cultivation theory is the outgrowth of modern national moral cultivation theory,and has become CCP’s weapon for ideological transformation due to the practical requirements of adopting“the form of folk culture”in carrying out Chinese revolution.Logically,the revolutionary selfcultivation theory has inherited the traditional emphasis on virtue,but it has also given the Confucian self-cultivation theory,in particular its distinction between universal human nature and personal characters and that between nobility and mediocrity,a modern twist with class rhetoric.A new self-cultivation theory characterized by“action”has thus been developed.The power of organization is the key to the success of the revolutionary selfcultivation theory,as the latter has assumed the characteristics of modern governance through the unity of ideological logic and organizational logic.The Confucian self-cultivation theory has been modernized by transforming into the revolutionary self-cultivation theory,but such a transformation has also had a devastating impact on the Confucian theory itself.In the post-revolutionary self-cultivation era,with the Weber question unfortunately skipped,the subjects in the market in a consumer society are no longer in need of a set of skills for self-cultivation,and the future of the Confucian self-cultivation theory remain in limbo.