古代两河流域乌鲁克神庙仪式的文化考察

Cultural Investigation of Uruk Temple Rituals in Ancient Mesopotamia

公元前4千纪晚期两河流域进入国家文明阶段,天神最早成为乌鲁克城邦的保护神,公元前3千纪苏美尔文明时期更成为宗教之中地位最高的创世主神,直到1世纪的塞琉古王朝一直受到崇拜。乌鲁克神庙供奉着以天神夫妇为中心的神灵家族,神学规定国王受天神委托治理市民,祭司代表国王完成祭祀神灵的仪式活动,人们相信只有这样才能实现国泰民安的现实愿望,神庙仪式就是对社会依赖的这种情感体系的生动表达。乌鲁克神庙仪式包含苏醒、开门、穿衣、圣餐、游行、圣婚、节日等主题。祭司、献祭、祈祷、牺牲、巫术和禁忌等构成神庙仪式的文化因素,每个因素都在仪式中发挥一定的功能,诸因素共同作用服务于整体宗教。神庙仪式的不断上演,宣扬了王权的合法性,强化了传统宗教信仰和市民的社会凝聚力,赋予市民安全幸福生活的精神自信,具有重要的文化功能。

In the late 4000 B.C.,Mesopotamia entered the stage of national civilization.The God of heaven was the first to become the protective god of the city-state of Uruk.In the 3000 B.C.period of Sumerian civilization,he became the most important creator God in the religion.Until the first century A.D.,the Seleucid Dynasty was worshipped.Uruk temple is dedicated to the God family with the God couple as the center.Theology stipulates that the king is entrusted by the God to govern the citizens,and the priests complete the ritual activities of offering sacrifices to the gods on behalf of the king.People believe that only in this way can we realize the realistic desire for the peace of the country and the people.The temple ceremony is a vivid expression of this emotional system of social dependence.The rituals of the uluk temple include the themes of awakening,opening the door,dressing,communion,procession,holy marriage,festival and so on.Priests,sacrifice,prayer,sacrifice,witchcraft and taboo constitute the cultural factors of temple ceremony.Each factor plays a certain role in the ceremony,and all factors work together to serve the whole religion.The continuous performance of the temple ceremony promotes the legitimacy of the royal power,strengthens the traditional religious belief and the social cohesion of the citizens,and endows the citizens with spiritual confidence in a safe and happy life,which has an important cultural function.