有机无机配施下氮肥减施对红壤旱地花生产量及品质的影响

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction under organic and inorganic fertilizers combination on yield and quality of peanut in red soil farmland

为明确有机无机配施下氮肥减施对红壤旱地花生产量及品质的影响,采用田间随机区组试验,设置单施化肥对照(CK0,N 135 kg·hm^(-2),基施70%,花针期追施30%)、有机无机肥配施(CK1,N 135 kg·hm^(-2),其中有机替代无机氮25%,基施无机氮45%,追施无机氮30%)、有机无机配施下基施化肥减氮15%(B15)、有机无机配施下基施化肥减氮30%(B30)、有机无机配施下基施化肥减氮45%(B45)、有机无机配施下基施化肥减氮15%+追施化肥减氮15%(B15T15)、有机无机配施下追施化肥减氮30%(T30)共7个处理,分析了有机无机肥配施和不同时期氮肥减施比例对红壤旱地花生产量、农艺性状、养分吸收及品质的影响。研究结果表明,与单施化肥(CK0)相比,有机无机肥配施处理(CK1,3895 kg·hm^(-2))增产22.4%,有机无机肥配施下减氮处理增产15.7%~28.0%;有机无机配施条件下,氮肥减施15%(B15)处理的花生产量最高,达到了4073 kg·hm^(-2),较CK1处理增产4.7%,其余减氮处理产量均表现为下降;此外,B15处理不仅增加了花生分枝数、单株饱果数、单株生产力、收获指数、出仁率,还提升了花生茎叶和果仁的氮、磷、钾素养分含量,其花生仁的蛋白质、油酸、亚油酸含量等品质指标也有所提升。在有机无机配施化肥减氮30%条件下,基肥减施氮处理的花生产量、农艺性状和品质要优于追肥减施氮处理。综上所述,红壤旱地上有机无机肥配施和氮肥减施15%可以提升花生产量、农艺性状、养分吸收和品质,以基肥期减施为好。

In order to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction under the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield and quality of peanut in red soil farmland,we conducted a field complete randomized block experiment with seven treatments:single chemical fertilizer control(CK0,N 135 kg·hm^(-2),base application 70%,topdressing 30%at anthesis),combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers(CK1,N 135 kg·hm^(-2),in which organic fertilizer replaces inorganic nitrogen by 25%,base application of inorganic nitrogen by 45%,topdressing inorganic nitrogen by 30%),nitrogen reduction by 15%under combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer(B15),nitrogen reduction by 30%under combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer(B30),nitrogen reduction by 45%under combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer(B45),15%nitrogen reduction of base fertilizer+15%nitrogen reduction of topdressing fertilizer under the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers(B15T15),and 30%nitrogen reduction of topdressing fertilizer under the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers(T30).We analyzed the effects of these treatments on peanut yield,agronomic characteristics,nutrient uptake and quality.The results showed that the yield of CK1 was 3895 kg·hm^(-2),22.4%higher than that of CK0,and the yield of organic and inorganic fertilizers was 15.7%~28.0%higher than that of CK0.Under the condition of organic and inorganic combined application,the peanut yield of B15 was the highest,reaching 4073 kg·hm^(-2),which was 4.7%higher than that of CK1.However,the yield of other nitrogen reduction treatments were decreased.B15 treatment not only increased the number of peanut branches,the number of full fruits per plant,the productivity per plant,the harvest index,and the percentage of kernels,but also increased the nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium nutrient contents in peanut stems,leaves,and kernels.The protein,oleic acid,linoleic acid contents,and other quality indicators of peanut kernels were also improved.The yield,agronomic characters and quality of peanut with B30 were better than those of T30.To sum up,B15 can improve the yield,agronomic characteristics,nutrient absorption and quality of peanuts,while reducing the base fertilizer is preferred.