婴幼儿机构托育对女性劳动参与的影响

Institutional Infant Care Provision and Female Labor Market Participation

本文分析0~3岁婴幼儿机构托育对女性劳动参与和劳动时间的影响。研究表明,机构托育能显著提高女性劳动参与的概率,且主要影响年轻女性,但并不会影响已就业女性的劳动时间。无论是城市还是农村户籍、一孩还是多孩家庭、是否有祖辈帮助,机构托育对女性劳动参与均有显著促进作用。而对于男性的劳动参与和劳动时间来说,婴幼儿机构托育均不会产生显著影响。此外,有0~3岁婴幼儿、但未获得机构托育的女性相比于无婴幼儿的女性而言,其劳动参与概率显著更低,“母职惩罚”确实存在。而那些有0~3岁婴幼儿并得到机构托育的女性与无婴幼儿的女性在劳动参与上无显著差别,说明婴幼儿机构托幼能够有效缓解“母职惩罚”。本文提出,加强3岁以下婴幼儿社会机构托育服务,能积极促进女性劳动参与和帮助女性发展,是构建生育友好型社会和促进家庭发展的重要配套政策。

The paper estimate the effects of institutional infant care provision for infant of 0-3 years old on female labor market participation and working hours.The findings show that the sufficient institutional infant care can significantly increase female labor market participation,especially for young women,but it has no effect on the increase in working hours of the employed women.The institutional infant care provision can pervasively increase the female's labor market participation among all the women regardless of the urban or rural households,with or without grandparents'care-giving,families with one child or more children.However the institutional infant care has no significant effect on male labor market participation and their working hours.The women with infants under 3 and without institutional infant care have significantly lower labor market participation than those without infant children,while they have similar labor maket participation as those women without infants if they are provided with institutional infant care services.It proves there indeed is a social phenomenon called motherhood penalty.Therefore,the government should focus on providing more convenient infant care services for the mothers with infants under 3 to increase their labor participation and personal development,which is a important matching policy for the construction of a child-bearing friendly society and better family development.