诸子所传“远古社会”的三方地域异辞——兼论《容成氏》的性质特征

The Three Different Regional Legends of the “Ancient Society” Mentioned by the Hundred Schools: With a Discussion of the Nature and Characteristics of Rong Cheng Shi

在战国汉初诸子文献中,有一种以远古时期社会演化为主题的记载,谓之“远古社会”传说,存在着三晋(北)、齐鲁邹(东)、楚淮(南)三方地域异辞。从地域层面来看,北学多为纯现实叙事;南学多持退化史观,记载了众多远古部族的名号,杂有神话。《容成氏》的性质是“南方古史杂抄文献”。从学派层面来看,南方道家最典型的特征是退化史观、形上至德之世、传述老子之学。形上的“至德之世”乃是庄子及其后学继承老子而发展出的概念。三晋法术之士强调时变史观。邹鲁早期儒墨的古史期至尧而止,多不言古帝具体名号。齐地轻重学派可归于三晋法术之士与邹鲁早期儒墨之间。地域与学派这两个视角,对研究诸子所传远古社会传说具有重要的方法论意义。

In the literatures of hundreds of schools of the Warring States and early Han dynasty,there is a kind of record of the evolution of society in ancient times,which can be called the“Ancient Society”legend.These legends have different regional versions in Sanjin(三晋),Qi(齐),Lu(鲁),Zou(邹),Chu(楚)and Huai(淮).From the regional perspective,the legends of the north academic mostly are purely realistic records;while the legends of the south academic mostly hold the historical idea of degeneration,and record the names of many ancient tribes which are mixed with myths.The nature of Rong Cheng Shi(容成氏)is southern ancient history mixed literature.From the school perspective,the most typical characteristics of the southern Taoists are the historical idea of degeneration,the metaphysical world of supreme virtue and the learning of Laozi􀆳s(老子)ideas.The Metaphysical World of Supreme Virtue is a conception developed by Zhuangzi(庄子)and his school in succession of Laozi.The schools of Fashu(法术之士)in Sanjin impart the historical idea of change with the times.The durations of ancient history of early Confucianists and Mohists in Zou and Lu are until Yao(尧).And they rarely mention specific imperial names.The Qingzhong school in Qi(齐地轻重学派)should be classified between the schools of Fashu in Sanjin and early Confucianists and Mohists in Zou and Lu.The two perspectives of region and school have important methodological significance of the study of ancient social legends passed down by the hundreds of schools.