论我国刑法中抽象危险犯的司法限缩

On the Judicial Limitation of Abstract Dangerous Crimes in China’s Criminal Law

对抽象危险犯的司法限缩主要通过对法益的解释、限缩抽象危险犯的一般规则和反证推翻抽象危险三个维度来实现。对法益的解释,应立足实质解释论的立场。若行为没有危险或危险极小,则不认为是犯罪。并以此为基础采取实质违法观,将不具有实质违法性的行为排除在抽象危险犯之外。抽象危险犯保护的法益应当主要限定在集体法益的范围内。抽象危险犯限缩的一般规则主要包括:没有实际危险的行为不构成抽象危险犯,行为人没有故意的抽象危险行为不构成犯罪,通过但书条款反向说明行为不具有抽象危险从而排除犯罪。应当允许被告人通过反证推翻抽象危险犯的认定,以达到限制抽象危险犯范围的作用。在具体操作上,应当结合危害行为和抽象危险等构成要件要素,通过反证来否定存在危害行为和抽象危险以限缩抽象危险犯。反证推翻抽象危险的范围应当限制在生命法益和财产法益之内,对于抽象的精神法益则不允许进行反证推翻。

The judicial restriction of abstract dangerous crime is mainly realized through three dimensions of the interpretation of legal interests,the restriction of general rules of abstract dangerous crime and the overthrow of abstract danger by counter-evidence.The interpretation of legal interests should be based on the position of substantive interpretation.If the act is not dangerous or the danger is minimal,it is not considered a crime.On this basis,we adopt the concept of substantive illegality,and exclude the acts without substantive illegality from the abstract dangerous crime.The legal interests damaged by abstract dangerous crime should be mainly limited in the scope of collective legal interests.The general rule of limiting abstract dangerous crime mainly demonstrates that the act without actual danger does not constitute abstract dangerous crime,and the actor’s abstract dangerous act without intention does not constitute a crime.Through the proviso clause,it reversely explains that the act does not have abstract danger,so it is noncriminal.The defendant should be allowed to overturn the identification of abstract dangerous crime through counter-evidence,so as to limit the scope of abstract dangerous crime.In terms of specific operation,we should combine the elements of harmful acts and abstract dangers,and deny the existence of harmful acts and abstract dangers through counter-evidence to limit abstract dangerous crimes.The scope of the rebuttal of abstract danger should be limited to the legal interests of life and property,and the rebuttal of abstract spiritual legal interets is not allowed.