体系考量下管理人致受益人损害的赔偿责任

Compensation Liability of Beneficiary Damage Caused by Manager under System Consideration

无因管理中管理人致使受益人遭受损害,受益人是否可以主张损害赔偿,以及对此是否需要进行减免,理论和实践颇有争论。从整体构造来看,管理人致害徘徊在合同规则和侵权规则之间,既可以按照债务不履行规则处理,也可以根据侵权规则规制。合同法中的无偿合同规则为一般无因管理提供了参照,侵权法中的正当防卫和紧急避险规则为紧急无因管理提供了参照,这两套规则遵循的是不同的损害赔偿理论,但是都呈现出减轻管理人责任的趋势。《民法典》对紧急无因管理下管理人致害予以了规定,但是却不恰当地排除了管理人一切过失责任,解释论上应对此进行限缩解释。就管理人责任减轻的路径选择,侵权法所采纳的责任承担构造模式更加具有弹性,解释论上应当予以遵循,但是也不能忽视合同法路径的作用。就管理人责任范围,应当综合考量遭受损害的利益性质、管理人的主观过错形态和实施管理时的紧迫程度等因素,在公平原则的指引下最终确定。

Whether the beneficiary can claim compensation for the damage caused by the manager and whether it needs to be reduced or exempted in the no cause management is controversial in theory and practice.From the perspective of the overall structure,the damage caused by the manager lingers between the contract rules and the tort rules.It can be handled with the rules of non-performance of debts or regulated by the tort rules.The gratuitous contract rules in the contract law provide a reference for general management without cause,and the self-defense and emergency avoidance rules in the tort law provide a reference for emergency no cause management.These two sets of rules follow different damage compensation theories,but show the same trend of reducing the liability of the manager.The Civil Code stipulates the harm caused by the manager under the emergency no cause management,but it inappropriately excludes all the fault liability of the manager.The future interpretation theory needs to limit this.As for the choice of the path for the reduction of the manager’s liability,the construction mode of liability bearing adopted by the tort law is more flexible,which should be followed in the interpretation theory,but the role of the path of contract law cannot be ignored.As for the scope of the manager’s liability,it should be finally determined under the guidance of the principle of fairness by comprehensively considering the nature of the interests suffered,the subjective fault pattern of the manager and the urgency of the implementation of the management.