尼罗河跨界水资源争端问题析论

An Analysis of the Transboundary Water Resources Disputes of the Nile

由埃塞俄比亚复兴大坝建设再度引起的尼罗河水资源之争是影响流域内国家间关系稳定发展的核心变量之一。跨界性和高度的时空异变是尼罗河流域系统尤为显著的基本特征。流经国家多、分布不均衡以及水流量逐年减少,致使尼罗河跨界水资源争端日趋复杂化。尼罗河跨界水资源争端肇始于欧洲列强殖民统治时期,一系列关于水资源分配与管理的不平等条约、协议是现今该地区水权争夺的历史成因。流域内国家间的不对称权利、殖民协定的合法性认同以及国际法的诸多矛盾,成为阻碍尼罗河跨界水争端问题解决的现实难题。促成尼罗河跨界水资源的共有、共享、共治,是解决水争端的基本原则和目标所在。循此逻辑,逐步解决尼罗河跨界水资源争端需要以全流域为视角、平衡各方利益开展更为广泛的合作,坚持公平合理使用和可持续发展理念,推动区域水资源共享一体化进程,进而建立促进区域稳定繁荣的共享水资源新体系。值得注意的是,随着“一带一路”合作倡议的实施,中国为尼罗河水资源开发和治理带来新机遇。

The Nile water resources dispute,which is being reignited by the construction of the Renaissance Dam in Ethiopia,is one of the central variables affecting the stable development of the countries in the basin.The transboundary nature and high spatial and temporal variability are the fundamental characteristics of the Nile Basin system.The large number of flowing countries,their uneven distribution and the yearly decrease of water flows have complicated the Nile transboundary water disputes.The Nile transboundary water disputes initiated during the colonial rule of European powers,and a series of unequal treaties and agreements on water allocation and management are the historical causes of the current water rights disputes in the region.The asymmetrical power between the countries in the basin,the legitimacy of the colonial agreements and the contradictions in international law have become the problems that hinder the resolution of the Nile transboundary water disputes.The basic principle and goal of water dispute resolution is to promote the common ownership,sharing and governance of the transboundary water resources of the Nile.Following this logic,the gradual resolution of the Nile transboundary water resources dispute requires more extensive cooperation from a basin-wide perspective,a balance of the interests of all parties,adherence to the concept of equitable and reasonable use and sustainable development,and promotion of the integration process of regional water resources sharing,thus establishing a new system of shared water resources that promotes regional stability and prosperity.It is worth noting that with the implementation of China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),China brings new opportunities for the development and management of Nile water resources.