教育本质的马克思人学解读

Marxism’s Humanistic Interpretation of the Nature of Education

揭示教育的本质需要把握教育与人的关系。在该问题上,社会本位论认为教育通过对人施加社会影响,让人形成符合社会要求的规范、观念、价值和行为方式。其不足在于,教育的目标定位是将人训练成对抽象共同体屈服、对集体意识无条件服从的对象,不考虑人的现实、感性的社会需求。个人本位论认为,教育着眼于人的可塑性,是个人的人性提升、潜能实现,并最终实现个人成长、全面发展的活动。其不足之处在于,从抽象的人性论出发,将某些普通人难以企及的理想化人格特质普遍地要求每个人,这在实践中容易造成人们追奉高大全式的人格,缺少对每个教育对象现实情境的有效把握。社会本位论与个人本位论以两极对立的方式把握个人与社会之间关系,从而割裂了人的真实存在,难以实现育人的价值目标。在马克思人学看来,人是整体性的、具体的、创造性的现实存在,教育是人不断生成、不断实践的育人活动,教育的本质是“生成”、是“绽放”,是展现人丰富多彩的生命本性的实践活动。

To reveal the essence of education, it is necessary to grasp the relationship between education and human beings. On this issue, the social-oriented theory believes that education exerts social influence on people to form norms, concepts, values and behavior that meet social requirements. The disadvantage is that the aim of education is to train people to yield to the abstract community and to obey the collective consciousness unconditionally, without considering people’s realistic and perceptual social needs. According to the theory of individualism, education focuses on the plasticity of human being, which is an activity to promote human nature, realize potential, and finally realize personal growth and all-round development. The disadvantage is that, starting from the abstract theory of human nature, some idealized personality traits that ordinary people can not reach are generally required of everyone, which in practice tends to lead people to pursue a high and complete personality, lack of each education object of the actual situation of the effective grasp. Social Standard and individual standard grasp the relationship between individual and society in a bipolar way, which separates the real existence of human being and makes it difficult to realize the value goal of educating people. In the view of Marxism’s anthropology, human being is an integral, concrete and creative reality, and education is an educational activity in which human beings are constantly generated and practiced, it is a practical activity to show people’s colorful nature of life.