迈向整合的生育支持:日本应对少子化的政策演进及对我国的启示

Towards Integrated Childbearing Support:The Evolution of Japan’s Policy to Cope with Sub-Replacement Fertility and Its Enlightenment to China

从日本人口结构看,少子化、老龄化与低结婚率是其显著特征,高龄少子化趋势日趋加剧,性别比失衡严重,劳动力人口呈缩减态势。为应对本国的少子化日趋严峻的形势,提高生育率,日本政府制定了一系列相关法律、制度、规划及具体对策措施。根据不同时期的人口结构及政策发展特征,日本少子化对策的演进经历了政策萌芽期、专项实施期、全面推进阶段和调整深化期四个阶段,从专项干预型应对迈向整合型生育支持。日本应对少子化的过程给我国的启示是,要想有效应对低生育率问题,必须从整合性思路入手建立整体性政策支持框架、系统性制度支持体系和文化性社会支持。

From the perspective of Japan’s population structure,small number of children,aging population and low marriage rate are its significant characteristics.The trend of sub-replacement fertility and aging population is intensifying,the gender imbalance is serious,and the labor force is shrinking.In order to cope with the increasingly severe situation of the country with fewer children and improve the fertility rate,the Japanese government has formulated a series of relevant laws,systems,plans and specific countermeasures.According to the characteristics of population structure and policy development in different periods,the evolution of Japan’s strategy on children reduction has experienced four stages:the embryonic stage,the special practice stage,the comprehensive promotion stage and the adjustment and deepening stage,which shows the transformation from the special intervention response to the integrated childbearing support.Japan’s policy in coping with the sub-replacement fertility gives china a revelation that in order to effectively deal with the low fertility problem,we must start from the integrated thinking to establish the overall policy support framework,the systematic institutional support system and the cultural social support.