日本选举制度设计缺陷及其影响分析

An Analysis of Defects in the Design of Japanese Electoral System and Their Impacts

1994年日本实行政治改革后,废除中选举区制,实行小选举区和比例代表并立制。改革目标是建立政党轮流执政的政党体制,达到候选人依靠政党形象和政策竞争的目的。但是改革多年后,在野党仍然弱小,无法发挥监督、制衡自民党的作用,政党体制还是自民党“一党独大”的多党制,没有建立起政党轮流执政的政党体制。众议院和地方议会选举制度间选举区议席定数不统一的设计缺陷导致政党很难在地方建立稳固的地方组织。地方议会选举多采用单记非转让式投票制即大选举区制或中选举区制,候选人参选主要靠个人后援会和“系列关系”等。因政党地方组织薄弱,自民党国会候选人实施“利益诱导政治”,无法实现“清廉政府”的目标。而且,国会候选人政策位置无法向中间投票人位置靠拢,个人后援会和“系列关系”中的地方议员政策位置影响国会候选人政策位置。

After many years of reform,the opposition parties in Japan remain still too weak to play the role of monitoring and checking the Liberal Democratic Party(LDP),and the party system is still the multi-party system of“one party dominates”by the LDP,and it is impossible to establish a party system in which parties take turns in governing.The lack of uniform number of seats in the electoral districts between the House of Representatives and the local assembly election system makes it difficult for political parties to establish solid local organizations in the local assembly elections.The local assembly elections are mostly based on the single register non-transferable voting system,namely,the large electoral district system or the medium electoral district system,and candidates mainly rely on personal support groups and“serial relationships.”Due to the weak local organization of the party,the LDP has failed to establish of a clean government by engaging in profit-induced politics.Moreover,the policy positions of national congress candidates are not close to those of median voters,and the positions of individual support groups and local lawmakers in the“serial relationship”affect the policy positions of national congress candidates.