鱼类生长分子标记的研究进展

Research Progress on Molecular Markers of Fish Growth:A Review

水产养殖对象生长良好、性能优越是衡量产业发展的重要指标和推进水产养殖业发展的重中之重。分子标记是近年来快速发展起来的筛选和鉴定鱼类生长性状的新工具,经历了几代技术革新。利用分子标记技术构建养殖鱼基因图谱、种质鉴定、相关位点定位和选择目的基因等,可提高水产养殖业的经济效益。本文综述了三代分子标记技术的原理、方法及优缺点,归纳了近些年国内外限制性长度多态性(RFLP)、随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)、扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)、简单重复序列(SSR)、内部简单重复序列(ISSR)、单核苷酸多态性(SNP)和表达序列标签(EST)等分子标记技术与PCR、转录组测序等技术应用于养殖鱼类的选择性育种、性别标记、基因定位、种群结构分析、遗传多样性分析、疾病检测、提高增长率等实践领域。选育出生长性状良好并稳定遗传的个体,能够显著提高水产品的质量,满足人们的生活需求,大力推进水产养殖产业,为未来水产养殖业的迅猛发展奠定理论基础。

The growth traits of aquaculture organisms with good growth conditions and superior performance as an important indicator to measure its industrial development are the key to promoting the development of aquaculture.Molecular marker is a new tool that developed rapidly in recent years for screening and identifying fish growth traits.Principles methods,advantages and disadvantages of the three generation molecular marker technologies are summarized in this review,especially integrated application of RFLP(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism),RAPD(Random amplified polymorphic DNA),AFLP(Amplified fragment length polymorphism),SSR(Simple Sequence Repeats),ISSR(Inter-simple sequence repeat),SNP(Single nucleotide polymorphism),EST(Expressed Sequence Tags)combined with PCR and transcriptome sequencing in the practical fields including selective breeding,gender marker,population structure analysis,genetic diversity analysis,disease detection and the increase of growth rate.Breeding individuals with good growth traits and stable genetics have capacity to significantly improve the quality of aquatic products to meet people’s daily needs,thus vigorously promoting the aquaculture industry and laying a theoretical foundation for the rapid development of aquaculture in the future.