巴西非裔群体和印第安群体权利保护问题研究

A Study on the Rights Protection of Brazilian Afro and Indian Groups

少数群体的权利问题是现代国家建构中必须直面的问题。在巴西,少数群体权利的权利主体包括非裔群体和印第安群体。葡萄牙殖民者针对印第安人的殖民主义政策和黑奴制度是巴西族群分层的起源,印第安人监护制度和非裔“白化”政策固化了巴西族群间的结构化差异。新民主政府成立以后,少数群体的权利得到承认,政策理念的改变促进了法律制度的发展。1988年颁布的《宪法》不仅为非裔和印第安群体权利保护提供了原则性保障,也建构了少数群体权利保护的基本制度框架。然而,非裔巴西人和印第安人的权利保护在规范与现实两个层面仍存在诸多问题。

The rights of minority groups must be confronted in the construction of modern states.In Brazil,the rights subjects of minority rights include Afro and Indian groups.The colonialist policies toward Indians and the slavery system of Portuguese colonialists were the origin of ethnic stratification in Brazil,while the Indian guardianship system and the“whitening”policy towards Afro-Brazilians had solidified the structural differences among ethnic groups in Brazil.After the establishment of the new democratic government,the rights of minority groups were recognized,and the change of policy philosophy promoted the development of the legal system.The Constitution promulgated in 1988 not only provides a principled guarantee for the protection of the rights of Afro and Indian groups,but also constructs a basic institutional framework for the protection of minority rights.However,there are still many problems in the protection of the rights for Afro-Brazilians and Indian groups at both normative and practical levels.