政党政治视角下的德国移民问题

The Immigration Issue in Germany from the Perspective of Party Politics

德国有四分之一的人口具有移民背景,是欧洲最主要的移民和难民接收国,近十几年来移民议题在德国政治中的显著性不断上升,2015年后爆发的难民危机加速了这一进程。本文梳理了德国移民问题的发展,并从政党政治的视角,分析了21世纪以来主要政党在移民问题上的立场和背后的影响因素。意识形态和德国特殊社会历史因素是影响政党政策选择的两大主要因素。政党需要在移民问题的不同阐释方式之间寻求平衡,以使其移民政策符合政党的意识形态立场,主流政党的意识形态基础更复杂,其政策选择面临更多掣肘,在极右翼的冲击下保持温和、稳定。德国基于血缘的身份认同模式使部分政党的融合政策较为保守,同时德国对排外主义的警惕也限制了反移民政党的活动。随着移民现实的不断发展和德国经济社会的变化,移民问题的复杂性进一步提升,德国政党围绕这一问题的争论仍将继续。

One quarter of the population in Germany has immigrant background,and it is the primary country receiving immigrants and refugees in Europe.In recent decade,the significance of the immigration issue in German politics has been increasing,and the refugee crisis that broke out after 2015 has accelerated this process.This paper sorts out the development of the immigration issue in Germany,and analyzes the position of major political parties on the immigration issue since the 21^(st) century and the influencing factors behind it from the perspective of party politics.Ideology and the special social and historical reality of Germany are the two main factors that influence the policy choices of political parties.Political parties need to seek a balance between different ways of interpreting the immigration issue in order to make their immigration policies conform to their ideological positions.The mainstream political parties have a more complex ideological basis,and their policy choices face more constraints.As a result,they have to remain moderate and stable in their immigration policies under the impact of the far-right.Germany’s model of identity based on blood makes some parties more conservative in their integration policies,while Germany’s wariness of xenophobia also limits the activities of anti-immigration parties.With the continuous development of the reality of immigration and the changes of the German economy and society,the complexity of the immigration issue is further increased,and the debate of German political parties on this issue will continue.