福州市汽车制造行业职业病危害现状分析

Analysis of current situation of occupational disease hazard in automobile manufacturing enterprises in Fuzhou

目的 通过对福州市69家汽车制造企业职业病危害因素调查分析,掌握职业病防治薄弱环节,探讨职业病危害治理措施。方法 选取福州4个县(区)69家在调查期间正常运行的汽车整车、汽车零部件及配件制造企业为调查对象,进入企业现场,调查企业基本信息、职业病危害因素、职业卫生管理情况及职业健康监护信息等。结果 本次调查以小微型企业为主,占比91.3%;69家调查企业劳动者接害率为35.3%,大中型、小型、微型企业接害率随着企业规模降低而依次上升,三者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);每个接害劳动者平均接触2.4种职业病危害因素;苯、甲苯、二甲苯、噪声、电焊烟尘为最主要职业病危害因素。私营企业接害率为60.2%,不同经济类型企业接害率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);职业危害申报率、职业卫生三类人员培训率、职业病危害检测率、职业健康检查率随企业规模减小而递减,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 2020年福州市调查的汽车制造企业接害率较高,职业卫生管理存在较多薄弱环节,小微型企业尤为突出,相关部门应采取分类指导,督促小微型企业落实职业病防治各项制度。

Objective Through the investigation and analysis of the occupational disease hazard factor in 69automobile manufacturers enterprises in Fuzhou,the weak links of occupational disease prevention and control were mastered,and the treatment measures of occupational disease hazard were discussed.Methods A total of 69 automobile,auto parts and accessories manufacturing enterprises in normal operation in four counties (districts) of Fuzhou were selected as the respondents,and their sites were entered for investigating the basic information of the enterprise,occupational disease hazard factors,occupational health management and occupational health monitoring information,etc.Results This survey was mainly small and micro enterprises,accounting for 91.3%;the exposure rate of workers in 69 enterprises was35.3%,and the exposure rate of large and medium-sized,small and micro enterprises increased successively with the reduction of enterprise scale,and the difference between the three was statistically significant(P<0.01);each exposed worker was exposed to 2.4 occupational disease hazard factors;benzene,toluene,xylene,noise and welding fume were the main occupational hazard factors.The exposure rate of private enterprises was 60.2%,and the difference of exposure rate among enterprises of different economic types was significant (P<0.01);the rate of occupational hazard declaration,the training rate of the three types of occupational health personnel,the occupational disease hazard detection rate and the occupational health examination rate decreased with the reduction of enterprise scale,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion In 2020,the automobile manufacturing enterprises investigated in Fuzhou city had a high exposure rate,and there were many weak links in occupational health management,especially for small and micro enterprises.Relevant departments should take classified guidance and urge small and micro enterprises to implement various systems of occupational disease prevention and control.