人类学本体论非“转向”而是回归

Not a “Turn” but a Return on Anthropological Ontology

本体论人类学的哲学根基非“转向”而系回归。西方哲学的发展迄今历三大进程,在古代以本体论为中心,在近代以认识论为中心,20世纪以语言意义为中心。早期希腊哲学以自然作为思考对象,称为自然哲学,主要探索“本原”问题,米利都派即致力于探索组成万物的最基本元素“本原”,成为本体论先声。亚里士多德认为,只有在研究有关自然的所有学问之后才能研究第一哲学(形而上学)。其形而上学包含关于终极原因和原则的科学、“作为存在的存在”科学、探索不动之动者的“神学”。欧洲中世纪继承古希腊自然哲学与神学传统。人类学理论所由奠立的哲学根基依托于神学人学,其均历自然本体转为观念本体之过程。观念性本体高度发达的中世纪神学,敦使古典哲学回归的文艺复兴;近现代族性文化反向促生后现代人文复兴之后的自然本体论回归,后者亦是对近代国家观、科学主义和现代性建构之反思。古典文明成为现代性更新自身的重要源泉。现时人类学本体论回归系文化本体归向文明本体。亦人属于生境,归于自然本性;在长时段与环球历史中,自然改造与决定人类而非相反;动植物与人同主体;文化相对归于人性和思维均通联;超越民族国家局限。

The philosophical foundation of ontological anthropology is not a “turn” but a return.The development of western philosophy has gone through three major processes,with ontology as the center in ancient times,epistemology as the center in modern times,and language meaning as the center in the 20 th century.Early Greek philosophy took nature as the thinking object,which was called natural philosophy.It mainly explores the “Arche” problem.The Miletus School is committed to exploring the “Arche”(primordia) which is the most basic element of all things,became the pioneer of ontology.Aristotle believed that the first philosophy(metaphysics) could be studied only after studying all the knowledge about nature.Its metaphysics includes the science of ultimate causes and principles,the science of “being as existence”,and the “theology” of exploring immovable persons.Medieval Europe inherits the natural philosophy and theological tradition of ancient Greece.The philosophical foundation of anthropological theory rests on theological anthropology.Theological Anthropology and philosophy,and the anthropological theories guided by them have all experienced the process of changing from natural ontology to conceptual ontology.Medieval theology with highly developed conceptual ontology promotes the return of Renaissance to the classical natural philosophy;modern ethnic culture promotes the return of natural ontology after the revival of postmodern humanities and the reconstruction of order.The latter also reflects on the modern concept of state,scientism and the construction of modernity.Classical civilization has become an important source for modernity to renew itself.The current “turn” of anthropological ontology is the return from cultural ontology to civilization ontology.According to:Man belongs to habitat,and his essence is natural;in the long period of time or global history,nature transforms and determines human beings rather than vice versa;animals,plants and people are the subjects;cultural relativity is attributed to the connection between human nature and thinking;transcending the limitations of nation-states.