《民法典》中公平责任的“变”与“不变”——以《民法典》第1186条为中心

The“Changes”and“Un-changes”of Equitable Liability in the Civil Code--Centered on Article 1186 of the Civil Code

《民法典》第1186条为公平责任的基础性规定。相比于《侵权责任法》第24条,其既有变化之处,也有不变之处。变化之处体现为,第1186条将“可以根据实际情况”修改为“依照法律的规定”,使该条由请求权基础转化为引致性规范,并极大缩减了公平责任的适用情形。不变之处体现为,公平责任的基础性规定被保留且承继了除变化之处以外的条文措辞,保持了公平责任制度体系的完整性,并继续对公平责任具体性规定的认定及适用构成限定。《民法典》中的公平责任,仅体现为第182条、第1190条中的“适当补偿”。公平责任基础性规定的保留,为未来公平责任具体性规定的创设留有可能,但具体性规定的创设应受创设机关、规范位阶和创设条件上的限定。

Compared to Article 24 of the Tort Liability Law,Article 1186 of the Civil Code,the basic provision for equitable liability,has undertaken some changed and unchanged sections.The changes are represented by the fact that Article 1186 has been amended from“in accordance with the actual circumstances”to“in accordance with the provisions of the law”,which transforms the article from a basis of claim to a leading norm and significantly reduces the circumstances in which equitable liability applies.What has remained unchanged is that the basic provisions of equitable liability have been retained and the wording of the provisions,except for the changes,has been inherited,maintaining the integrity of the equitable liability regime and continuing to qualify the identification and application of the specific provisions of equitable liability.Equitable liability in the Civil Code is only reflected in the“appropriate compensation”in Articles 182 and 1190.The retention of the basic provision of equitable liability leaves the possibility of creating specific provisions on equitable liability in the future,but the creation of specific provisions should be subject to the limits of the creation authority,the normative level and the conditions of creation.