信贷技术、软信息与适宜贷款额度——基于1493份微小贷款调查报告的实证研究

Credit Technology, Soft Information and Appropriate Credit Line:An Empirical Study Based on 1,493 Reports of Micro Credit Surveys

微小客户尤其是其中的原生态客户期待与小微银行建立初始借贷关系,获得规范的信贷服务;小微银行具备洞察微小客户软信息的优势,同样期待向微小客户提供适宜额度的贷款,实现自身的精准定位与错位发展。基于微小贷款供求双方效用最大化,纳入微小客户人品软信息、客户经理信贷技术水平的微小客户贷款授信额度模型表明,对有真实生产经营性贷款需求的微小客户,存在适宜贷款额度。微小客户人品软信息对适宜贷款额度的确定具有显著的正向作用,且这种影响在经营状况一般和资产不足的微小客户中更为明显;客户经理信贷技术水平对适宜贷款额度的确定具有显著的正向作用,且这种影响在人品一般和原生态的微小客户中更为明显。小微银行可从信贷技术培训和软信息挖掘方面提升自身业务能力。

The banking sector thinks that micro borrowers do not have much experience in getting loans from banks and cannot provide collateral, guarantee or financial statement in the process of applying for loans. It is difficult for banks to decide whether they should lend to micro borrowers because they are not sure whether they can repay on time. Still, scholars focus their studies on the breach of loan contracts of micro borrowers. They think that it is difficult for banks to acquire, identify, and process the soft information of micro borrowers because it is high in cost, low in income and big in risks. In fact,difficulties in lending and borrowing from both sides co-exist at the same time. Academic studies should not ignore the fact that different types of banks have their own advantages in dealing with different types of information. Micro banks, rather than other types of commercial banks, might do well in dealing with the soft information of micro borrowers. It might be a good way out to get out of the dilemma of the above obstacles by encouraging small and micro banks to grant appropriate credit lines to micro borrowers with real production and operation businesses.Specifically, this paper constructs a theoretical model on micro borrower’s credit line, which creatively introduces soft information and credit technology into the equation system and tries to find a solution to an appropriate credit line by maximizing the utility of both suppliers and demanders of micro credits. An empirical analysis is made based on the production and operation micro credit data manually collected from the micro credit centers of those banks in cooperation with the Zhejiang University AFR micro credit project. Theoretical research shows that there are appropriate credit lines for any micro borrowers who have real production and operation loan demands. Empirical research shows that the soft information of micro borrowers and the credit technical level of customer managers play a significant role in determining the appropriate credit lines. For micro borrowers with general operating conditions or insufficient assets, their soft information has a greater effect on the determination of the appropriate credit lines. For micro borrowers with general character or original ecology, the credit technical level of the customer manager has a decisive role in determining the appropriate credit lines.This paper first contributes to the literature in the following ways: First, the study finds that banks should provide appropriate credit lines to micro borrowers with real business operations. For banks, the issue of how much to lend is more important than that of whether to lend or not. Second, the determinants of appropriate credit lines include the credit technical levels of the supply side, while previous studies mostly start from the demand side. Third, the paper demonstrates that the credit technology improvement of customer managers in small and micro banks is good for soft information mining and helps increase the appropriate credit line to meet the credit demands of micro borrowers without causing the risk of default. Four, unlike previous papers, it differentiates clearly the distinctive differences of micro credit from small credit in terms of credit line, final purposes and the entity of supply and demand.The paper suggests that small and micro banks should improve in the following two aspects. On the one hand, banks should innovate on the policy and procedures of the employee training system. They can improve credit technology by establishing a craftsman-style internal training system for new and young employees. On the other hand, banks should expand their soft information collection channels regarding micro borrowers. With the help of neighborhood committees, village committees, relevant government departments and banks can improve the availability and reliability of the soft information of those potential clients by developing an agriculture-related database and integrating the unique information about the permanent residents and villagers. The information to be counted on includes such factors as the alternative ways of collecting money, neighborhood relationship, reputation and popularity, willingness to pay utility bills, property management fees, and penalty for traffic violations.