禽衣原体病实验室诊断技术研究进展

Advances in Laboratory Diagnostic Techniques for Avian Chlamydiosis

禽衣原体病(avian chlamydiosis)主要由鹦鹉热衣原体(Chlamydophila psittaci)引起。鹦鹉热衣原体可感染禽类等多种动物,在禽类中广泛流行,也可感染人类,对公共卫生构成了威胁。禽衣原体病的早期诊断成为该病防控重要手段之一。病原学诊断是禽衣原体病诊断的金标准,但需要在生物安全级别较高的实验室操作,且耗时较长和操作繁琐,已不再是禽衣原体病实验室诊断的主流方法。目前,禽衣原体病的血清学检测主要是补体结合试验(CFT)和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),其中ELISA方法在流行病学调查和大规模监测中起到了很重要的作用。分子生物学方法中以荧光PCR方法最为普及,成为了禽衣原体核酸检测的主流方法,与传统的病原学检测方法相比,其速度、通量、特异性、敏感性各方面都有提升,相较于免疫学诊断,避免了获得性免疫带来的假阳性结果,是未来禽衣原体病实验室诊断的主要发展趋势。本文从病原学、血清学和分子生物学方面对禽衣原体病的诊断方法进行论述,介绍各种诊断方法的研究进展和应用现状,并分析其优缺点,以期为禽衣原体病的诊断和防控措施的制定提供参考。

Avian chlamydiosis is mainly caused by Chlamydophila psittaci which could infect poultry and other animals,widely prevalent in poultry and might also in humans,posing a threat to public health. Avian chlamydiosis could be prevented and controlled through early diagnosis,and confirmed by pathogenic diagnosis that acts as a gold standard but is no longer a main method for laboratory diagnosis because a laboratory with higher bio-safety level is needed,which is time-consuming and cumbersome. At present,complement fixation test(CFT)and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)are mainly used for serological detection of the disease,especially ELISA that has played an important role in epidemiological investigation and intensive monitoring. For molecular biological methods,real-time PCR is mostly used as a key tool for detection of pathogenic nucleic acids of avian chlamydiosis,and its speed,flux,specificity and sensitivity are improved compared with traditional methods,false positive results produced by acquired immunity could be avoided compared to immunological diagnosis,which presents the development trend of laboratory diagnosis of avian chlamydiosis in the future. In the paper,the diagnosis methods of avian chlamydiosis were discussed from the aspects of etiology,molecular biology and serology,their research progress and application were introduced,and the advantages and disadvantages of each method were analyzed,with a view to providing a reference for the development of measures for the diagnosis and control of avian chlamydiosis.