吐蕃统领下吐谷浑邦国时期生业模式初探——以青海热水哇沿水库遗址和墓葬浮选出土植物遗存为例

A Preliminary Research on the Subsistence Pattern in the Period of Tuyuhun State under the leadership of Tibet Regime——A Case Study of Plant Remains of the Wayan Reservoir Site and Tombs,Reshui,Qinghai

通过青海都兰热水哇沿水库区域内的官却和遗址和古代墓葬进行的植物考古浮选、采集和分析,我们发现了大量的炭化木屑和三千多粒植物种子(果核),时代上大致属于唐代吐谷浑作为吐蕃王国统领下的邦国时期。我们发现,官却和遗址的古代人群以裸大麦(青稞)为绝对主食,同时还发现了少量小麦和燕麦遗存,这一作物结构不仅是周边小环境的体现,也反映了吐谷浑族群,甚至吐蕃族群的饮食习惯。遗址周边丰富的木材资源,使得木炭成为人们的主要燃料,而非牛羊的粪便。通过对遗址不同遗迹单位出土炭屑和炭化植物种子(果核)的分布特点,我们推测该遗址似乎并没有被长期持续性使用。不同于哇沿水库官却和遗址出土植物遗存所反映的当地自然环境和族群生业模式特点,墓葬区出土的桃核、杏核和葡萄籽则显示了明显的非本土因素,这些果核的出土一方面显示了随葬品的珍贵,另一方面也反映了本地位于丝绸之路青海道上,贯通西域和中原的优越地理位置。

Through the Archaeobotanical flotation,collection and analysis of the Guanquehe site(the Wayan reservoir site) and ancient tombs in the area of Wayan reservoir,Reshui,Dulan,Qinghai,we found a large amount of charcoal and more than 3000 plant seeds(nuts),which roughly belonged to the state period of Tuyuhun under the leadership of Tibet regime during the Tang Dynasty.We found that the arciect people at the Guanquehe site took naked barley(Hordeum vulgare var.nudum) as their absolute staple food,and a small amount of wheat and oat remains were unearthed as well.This crop structure not only reflects the niche environment,but also the eating habits of Tuyuhun ethnic group and even the Tibet people.The abundant wood resources around the site made charcoal as the main fuel for people,instead of the dung of cattle and sheep.Based on the distribution characteristics of charcoal and carbonized plant seeds(nuts) unearthed from different features of the site,we speculate that the site may not be occupied for a long time.Different from the characteristics of local natural environment and subsistence pattern of ethnic groups reflected by the plant remains unearthed at the Guanquehe site of the Wayan reservoir,the stones of peach,apricot,and grape seeds unearthed in the burial area show obvious exotic factors.On the one hand,the excavation of these kernels shows the value of funerary goods,on the other hand,it also demonstrates the superior geographical location on the Qinghai Road of the Silk Route,connecting the Western Regions and the Central Plains.