阿多诺的非同一性思想——康德、黑格尔的辩证综合

Adorno’s Thought of Non-Identity——The Dialectical Synthesis of Kant and Hegel

文章通过分析《否定的辩证法》中关于“非同一性”的论述,从而阐明阿多诺的“非同一性”理论脉络一定程度上是在对康德与黑格尔进行内在反思的基础之上而展开:在阿多诺看来,康德意在通过对人类认识能力的考察揭示使统一的自我意识得以可能的先验主体性,然而康德并未能真正指出其根据所在,只是将其视作不容置疑的构成性原则;黑格尔虽然注意到了辩证运动所依靠的非同一要素,却在试图构建“同一性与非同一性之间的同一性”时将具体的“非同一物”扬弃为一种抽象的同一性,并以绝对精神的内在运动掩盖了主体对客体的吞并。阿多诺进而指出黑格尔达成这一目标所借助的“否定之否定”实质上仍然意味着向主体性原则的倒退,与之相对,康德在对人类理性能力的限制中隐含着否定性的要素。阿多诺的“非同一性哲学”充分吸收了黑格尔对康德的批评中的合理因素,同时借助于康德以纠黑格尔之偏。任何把阿多诺简单界定为“康德主义者”或“黑格尔主义者”的做法都必然会落入同一性思维的窠臼。

Adorno’s"non-identity"theoretical context is largely developed on the basis of internal reflection on Kant and Hegel.In Adorno’s view,Kant intends to reveal the transcendental subjectivity as a constitutive principle that makes a unified self-consciousness possible through the investigation of human cognitive ability,in contrast,although Hegel noticed the non-identical elements on which the dialectical movement relied,he sublated the concrete"non-identical things"when trying to construct"identity between identity and non-identity",which in essence still means the victory of the principle of subjectivity.Kant unilaterally emphasizing the principle of subjectivity,he also revealed its inherent limitations,and still reserved a place for the non-identity element.Adorno thus points out that Kant’s philosophy implies the principle of non-identity.