论债权侵权责任的过失要件

Negligence Elements of Tort Liability for Creditor's Rights

债权是《民法典》侵权责任编的保护客体,但主流观点认为,只有故意侵害债权才需承担责任。这一认识既无实定法依据,也不利于维护社会秩序和实现权利救济。为保持法体系的逻辑一致性,债权侵权责任的主观要件应包含过失。只要严格把握过失要件的认定与因果关系的判断,要求具有过失的加害人承担侵害债权的责任并不会造成行动自由的过度限制。知悉债权的存在,是加害人具有过失的前提条件。由于加害人与被侵权人之间存在不同的先侵权关系,可以根据不同的注意义务来源,确定有区别的注意程度标准。当加害人的注意义务因先行行为、合同约定等而提高时,对其过失的认定应更加严格。过失侵害债权原则上应当承担责任,但还根据各类债权侵权案件的不同性质进行具体分析。债权归属之侵害与第三人致使债权人错误信赖,是过失侵害债权需要承担责任的典型情形。而在二重买卖中,即使过失侵害了他人债权也无须承担责任。

Creditor's rights are the object of protection in the tort liability section of the Civil Code,but the mainstream view is that only intentional infringement of creditor's rights requires liability.This understanding has no legal basis and is not conducive to the maintenance of social order and the realization of rights relief.In order to maintain the logical consistency of the legal system,the subjective elements of tort liability for creditor's rights should include negligence.As long as the determination of the elements of negligence and the judgment of causality are strictly controlled,the requirement of the infringer with negligence to bear the responsibility for infringing upon the creditor's rights will not result in excessive restriction of freedom of action.The knowledge of the existence of creditor's rights is the precondition for the infringer to have negligence.Since there are different pre-infringement relationships between the infringer and the infringed,different standards of attention can be determined according to different sources of duty of care.When the duty of care of the infringer is increased due to prior acts,contractual agreements,etc.,the recognition of its negligence should be more stringent.In principle,the infringer should bear negligent infringement of creditor's rights,but specific analysis should be made according to the nature of various creditor's rights infringement cases.The infringement of the creditor's rights and the wrong trust of the creditor caused by the third party are typical situations of negligence infringement of the creditor's rights,which requires the party concerned to assume responsibility.In the dual bargain,even if the infringer negligently infringes upon the creditor's rights,one shall not be liable.