再论毗卢遮那大译师的生平事迹

On the Life Story of Great Translator Be-Ro-Tsa-Na

藏族文化思想史上的一代英杰—毗卢遮那,是赤松德赞时期九大翻译家中“三老译师”之一,也是“预试七人”之一。他毕生致力于印度佛经的翻译与传播,把印度佛教的经、论、律经典文本从印度梵文翻译转化为藏语言文字,这种话语转换,意义转换,为更深层次地实现佛教的本土化、中国化做出了不可磨灭的贡献,在佛教本土化、中国化的历程中占有十分重要的地位。毗卢遮那从8岁至15岁,在莲花生大师和寂护身边学习梵文、研习经文,成为西藏历史上第一位修炼密宗的藏族僧人。由于佛经翻译传播的巨大成就,使他享有“毗卢遮那天无边”的盛誉。关于他被驱逐原因及大圆满法起源问题一直是学术界争论的焦点。近几年来,经过众多学者的共同努力,在以往研究的基础上取得了一些进展,但至今仍未取得较为一致的意见。本文通过对大译师被驱逐原因及大圆满法起源等问题再作辨析,认为毗卢遮那是吐蕃时期首次提出“宗派无分别”思想之人,且为后来在康区兴起的“宗派无别运动”的产生和发展奠定了基础,提供了沃土;其传播涉藏地区的大圆满法深受内地禅宗的影响;大译师被放逐到嘉绒的原因并非是印度人对他进行诽谤或达扎鲁恭受了贿赂,或者蔡邦萨玛坚的主动撩拨使他觉得会被处决而逃,而是由于显宗与密宗之间的矛盾,重臣和佛教高僧间的矛盾,新旧文化间的矛盾等三个大矛盾,使得大译师被流放到嘉绒地区。

Pa-Gor-Be-Ro-Tsa-Na was an early Tibetan secret Scripture translator.The reasons for his expulsion and the origin of great perfect have always been the focus of academic debate.In recent years,through the efforts of many scholars,some progress have been made by the past researches,but there is still no consensus.This paper tries to analyze on the reasons for his expulsion and the origin of great perfect.It is believed that Pa-Gor-Be-Ro-Tsa-Na was the first person who put forward the idea of“Non-sectarian”(Grub-mThav-Ris-Med)during the bTsan-Po period,that prepared the ground for emergence and development of the“Non-sectarian”(Grub-mThav-Ris-Med-Las-vGul)in Khams region in 19th century.His spread of the great perfection was deeply influenced by the Han Buddhism.