义务教育空间均衡与居住融合的互动关系研究

Research on the Interactive Relationship Between Spatial Balance of Compulsory Education and Residential Integration

义务教育就近入学的法定要求、住房市场化和义务教育资源空间配置不均衡三者结合,衍生出为社会所诟病的学区房现象,对教育公平、社会阶层流动等多个方面产生冲击。义务教育空间配置不均衡与居住分异之间存在着紧密的内在关联机制。在义务教育场域内,学生群体的“家庭资本”会转化为“学校资本”,并通过“生源—学校资本—升学绩效”的内生正反馈机制引发教育不均衡的自我增强效应。对学区房市场出清机制进行研究的结果表明,义务教育空间配置不均衡与居住分异会相互加速,共同推高教育结果不公平和社会阶层分化水平。若不能实现生源均衡,仅靠投入均衡,将无法实现教育产出均衡,更无法打破教育不均衡与居住分化的互动增强机制。我国推动义务教育均衡化的最新政策尝试从打破生源与升学率的正反馈机制入手来提高生源的均衡化水平,对促进教育均衡和居住融合的共同实现起到积极作用。

The combination of the legal requirement for proximity-based public school enrollment,the housing marketization and the spatial imbalance of compulsory education resources has led to the phenomenon of“School District Housing”,which is widely criticized by the society,and has brought negative impacts on education equity,social mobility and many other aspects.However,there is a close internal correlation mechanism between the spatial imbalance of compulsory education and residential differentiation.In the field of compulsory education,the“family capital”of student groups will be transformed into“school capital”,and through the endogenous positive feedback mechanism of“source of students-school capital-performance of further education”,the self-reinforcing effect of education imbalance will be triggered.Based on the market clearing mechanism of school district housing,the imbalance of compulsory education space and residential differentiation will accelerate each other,and jointly promote the inequity of education results and social class differentiation.These analyses show that spatial balance of education output could not be achieved without realizing spatial balance of student quality.The latest policy intervention measures to promote the equalization of compulsory education in China try to improve the equalization of student quality by breaking the positive feedback mechanism of student quality and school performance,which has the possibility of jointly promoting the realization of education balance and residential integration.