“治出于二”与中国知识谱系的创建

"Governance by Two"and the Establishment of Chinese Knowledge System

经-史-子的知识谱系是中国文明的创建,这一创建最早可以追溯到《庄子·天下》。《天下》从古之道术分化的视角理解中国知识谱系的起源,其核心是,从“治出于一”到“治出于二”的秩序转型导致了知识谱系从三代以上的浑然未分到三代以下经、史、子的分殊。古之道术的担纲主体是“治出于一”的帝王,他们是同时掌握精神(教化)和权力(政治)的神圣化统治者;但“治出于二”则意味着治教两大领域的分化,两大领域各有担纲主体。而在教化领域中出现的经史的分化以及子学(百家学或诸子学)的兴起,标志着经-史-子知识谱系的形成。经学或六艺学被视为古之道术的正宗嫡传,而子学作为方术,既是对道术的偏离,又可以上通道术。以经学为主体、以史学与子学为羽翼的中国知识谱系,既以经的主干性保证了中国学术精神的深层统一性,又向子、史开放而补充经学,从而形成经、史、子三者既分离又互补、既相异又相成的知识整体。

The knowledge system of"classics-history-schools"is the creation of Chinese civilization,which can be traced back to Zhuangzi:The World.This chapter explores the origin of Chinese knowledge system from the perspective of the division of ancient Taoism.Its core is the transition in order from"governance by one"to"governance by two",resulting in a shift in knowledge system from an integral whole before the three dynasties of Xia,Shang and Zhou to a division into classics,history and schools of thought after the three dynasties.The main subject of ancient Taoism is the emperor who"governs by one",the sacred ruler who controls both spirit(education)and power(politics)while"governance by two"means the division between politics and education and the two areas each have their respective subject.The differentiation of classics and history in education and the rise of schools of thought marks the formation of the knowledge system of classics-history-schools.Classics or the Six Arts are regarded as the authentic inheritance of ancient Taoism while schools of thought,as science of nature and life,is not only a deviation from Taoism,but also can be used for Taoism.The Chinese knowledge system,with Confucian classics as the main body and history and schools of thought as wings,not only guarantees the deep unity of Chinese academic spirit with the backbone of classics,but also opens to other schools of thought and history books to supplement Confucian classics,thus forming the knowledge as a whole in which classics,history,and schools of thought are not only separate and different from one another but also complementary to one another.