从《朱子晚年定论》看阳明学和朱子学的历史联系

On The Historical Connection Between Yangming-Xue and Zhuzi-Xue from Conclusion of Zhuzi In His Later Years

王阳明一生为学与朱子学相伴。《朱子晚年定论》作为王阳明学习与研究朱子学心得的记录,凝结着阳明继承朱子理学内容的心血;同时,它也标志着阳明学在朱子学史发展过程中开始获得独立地位。阳明继承和发展朱子学的关键在于提出“朱子之心”。“朱子之心”可谓阳明研究朱子学数十年的理论结晶。它表面指朱熹的内心世界,但在阳明的语境中,实际上多指朱子的本心;它落实于朱子学,也指朱子的思想主体、宗旨和精神,以及朱子学发展成熟、走向定型的趋势;它还指朱子的学术信心、真心和公心。这表明,阳明有一颗“朱子之心”,这决定了阳明学和朱子学在根本和主体上都相同,其间的差异只是具体见解不同,而非学派冲突。阳明学源于晦庵而非象山,是朱子学在明代发展的产物。世谓“陆王”,只是心学名号,而非师生授受;在阳明心中,他和朱子才一脉相承,心心相印。

Wang Yangming spent his whole learning life with Zhuzi-Xue(朱子学).As a record of Wang Yang ming’s learning and studying Zhuzi-Xue,the Conclusion of Zhuzi In His Later Years(《朱子晚年定论》)condenses the content of Yangming’s inheriting of Zhuzi;At the same time,it also marked that Yangming developed Zhuzi’s Theory of Mind(心学),and began to gain independent status.Yangming inherited and developed Zhuzi’s theory,and put forward the key concept of“Mind of Zhuzi”(“朱子之心”).“Mind of Zhuzi”can be described as the theoretical crystallization of Yangming’s study of Zhuzi.It superficially refers to Zhuzi’s inner world,but in the context of Yangming,it actually refers to Zhuzi’s Original Mind(本心).It is implemented in Zhuzi-Xue,which also refers to Zhuzi-Xue’s ideological subject,purpose and spirit,as well as the trend of Zhuzi-Xue’s maturity and finalization;Penetrating into Zhuzi’s heart it also refers to Zhuzi’s academic confidence,sincerity and public interest.This shows that Yangming has a“Mind of Zhuzi”,which determines that Yangming-Xue and Zhuzi-Xue are basically the same,and the difference between them is only the difference in specific opinions,not conflict of different school.Yangming-Xue(阳明学)originated from Hui’an(晦庵)rather than Xiangshan(象山),which was the product of Zhuzi-Xue’s development in the Ming Dynasty.“Lu-Wang”(陆王)is only a name of Theory of Mind,not a relationship of teacher’s giving and students receiving.According to Yangming,only he and Zhuzi come down in one continuous line and have the same academic understanding.