重思费尔巴哈对黑格尔哲学的颠倒——基于元哲学的视角

A rethink of Feuerbach’s thought on Hegel’s Philosophy from the perspective of meta-philosophy

在马克思主义研究领域,费尔巴哈的意义并不仅仅在于沟通黑格尔和马克思,而且还在于他向马克思主义提出了两个元哲学方面的问题:如何才能彻底地、成功地颠倒黑格尔哲学?如何对马克思主义哲学的理论性质进行定位?这些问题的提出源自费尔巴哈理论中的两条线索。一方面,在费尔巴哈的理论中存在一条自下而上的路径,沿着这条路径,他肯定了个体存在、感性直观的优先性,认为哲学工作与经验科学一样是对感性直观的加工,二者不仅无法超出感性直观的范围,而且需要接受感性直观的检验。另一方面,费尔巴哈的理论包含了自上而下的维度。他以非经验的方式论证了人类本质的超越性、完善性、无限性,并以此为前提对特殊对象如宗教进行了批判。前一条线索使得费尔巴哈对黑格尔哲学进行了颠倒,后一条线索使得他的哲学观没有彻底摆脱黑格尔的阴影。马克思对黑格尔哲学的突破就在于他深化贯彻了前一条线索,而批判扬弃了后一条线索。

Feuerbach puts forward two questions on meta-philosophy:how to invert Hegel’s philosophy and what is the identity of Marxist philosophy?The questions stem from two threads in Feuerbach’s theory.The first is the bottom-up approach.Feuerbach underlines individual existence and sensory perception.He states that they are the object of study for both philosophy and empirical sciences whose results should be justified by them too.This is Feuerbach’s inversion of Hegel’s basic metaphysical vision.The second is the up-bottom approach.Feuerbach elaborates on the transcendence,perfectness and infiniteness of the essence of human species.On the basis of that,he criticizes religions such as Christianity.This indicates that he is under the shadow of Hegel.Marx,on the other hand,further develops the first thread while giving up the second.