基于生命周期评价的核电环境影响分析

Environmental effect analysis of nuclear power based on life cycle assessment

核能发电是电力领域深度减排的关键技术之一,研究核电的环境影响可为碳中和背景下能源政策设计提供参考。以典型核电站为研究对象,运用生命周期评价方法建立核能发电系统的生命周期清单并进行环境影响评价;与传统火力发电及风电、水电和太阳能发电等可再生能源电力的生命周期评价结果进行对比;进一步根据电力行业“十四五”规划,预测未来电网的改进潜力。结果表明:核能单位发电量的碳排放量为3.37 g/(kW·h),低于火电、水电及太阳能发电的碳排放强度,但略高于风电;核能单位发电量的综合环境影响指标低于火电和太阳能发电,但略高于风电和水电;到2025年,随着核电和其他可再生能源发电的优化部署,中国电力行业平均单位发电的生命周期环境影响将减小约17%。总体来说,核电的各项指标小于火电,接近各类可再生能源电力,积极有序地发展核电,有助于促进中国电力系统的净零碳排放转型。

Nuclear power generation is one of the key technologies for deep emission reduction in the power field,and the evaluation of its environmental impacts can provide important references for energy policy design under the background of Carbon Neutrality.In this paper,a framework based on life cycle assessment is established to evaluate the life cycle environmental impacts in the typical nuclear power station.In addition,parallel comparisons with thermal power,wind power,hydropower,and photovoltaic power generations are carried,to reveal the different life cycle environmental impacts of each power generation and predict the potential optimization for the electricity grid according to China’s 14Five-Year Plan.Results suggest that the carbon emission per unit of nuclear power generation is 3.37 g/(kW·h),which is lower than that of thermal power,hydropower,and photovoltaic power generation,but slightly higher than that of wind power;the standard coal consumption per unit of nuclear power generation is 1.35 g/(kW·h),which is lower than the thermal power,wind power,and hydropower,but slightly higher than that of photovoltaic power generation;The PMemission per unit of nuclear power generation is 1.26×10g/(kW·h),which is lower than thermal power,wind power,and photovoltaic power,but slightly higher than that of hydropower;The NOx emission per unit of nuclear power generation is 1.25×10g/(kW·h),the SOemission per unit of nuclear power generation is 1.49×10g/(kW·h),all two types of results are lower than that of thermal power and photovoltaic power,but slightly higher than that of wind power and hydropower.By 2025,the life cycle environmental impacts per average unit of power generation of China’s power industry will decrease by about 17%of the optimized deployment of nuclear power and other renewable energy generation.In general,indicators of nuclear power are lower than thermal power but close to all other renewable energy power generation.The positive and orderly development of nuclear power could help build the net-zero carbon emissions transition in China’s electricity system.