中小制造企业数字化转型——基于数字技术双重特征的分析

Digital Transformation in Manufacturing SMEs——An Analysis Based on Dual Features of Digital Technology

数字技术具有双重特征,一重是可编辑性、可寻址性、可沟通性和可生成性等基本特征,另一重则是与制造业主体交互、融合过程中衍生出的通用性、演进性、不确定性和外部性等特征。数字技术的基本特征决定了其在制造业数字化转型中发挥着独特作用,进而产生转型效应,包括数字效应、开放效应、敏捷效应和增值效应。具体到中小制造企业数字化转型,数字技术的衍生特征又在一定程度上制约着转型效应的发挥,进而构成转型障碍:通用性背后的转型门槛影响了数字效应;演进性和不确定性引致的转型成本弱化了增值效应;外部性催生的数据安全问题等转型限制因素则限制了开放效应与敏捷效应。在数字化转型过程中,中小制造企业固有的各种问题又与转型门槛、转型成本和转型限制因素等转型障碍相互影响,形成了复杂的转型实践难题。为此,应通过建立数字化人才培养体系以缩小转型门槛差距、完善数字化产品及服务供给市场以降低转型成本、构建基于行业差异的支持政策以应对多种转型限制因素的不利影响等对策,以有效克服转型障碍,促进中小制造企业数字化转型。

Digital technology has dual features.One is the basic features of editability,addressability,communicability and generativity.The other is the generality,evolvability,uncertainty and externality derived from the interaction with manufacturing entities and the integration process.The basic features of digital technology determine that it plays a unique role in the digital transformation of the manufacturing industry,resulting in transformation effects,including digital effect,openness effect,agility effect and valueadded effect.For the digital transformation of SMEs,the derivative features of digital technology also restrict the transformation effects to a certain extent,thus constituting transformation barriers:the transformation conditions behind the generality affect the digital effect;the transformation costs caused by evolvability and uncertainty weaken the value-added effect;data security and other transformational constraints spawned by externality restrict the openness and agility effects.In the practice of manufacturing SMEs digital transformation,various practical problems inherent in SMEs entangle with transformation thresholds,transformation costs and transformation constraints,which constitutes more complex practice problems.Based on the above discussion,this paper proposed that we should adopt following countermeasures including establishing a digital talents training system to narrow the transformation thresholds gap,improving the digital product and servicing supply market to reduce transformation costs,introducing support policies based on industry differences to cope with negative effects of other transformations constraints,to overcome transformation barriers and promote the digital transformation of manufacturing SMEs.