“诗言志”:从思想建构到教化诗学

“Poetry Expresses Intent”:From Intellectual Construction to the Poetry of Moral Edification

先秦时期,“诗言志”不是一个诗学概念,其主要功用在于儒家意识形态的建构,有着突出的话语内涵。宗教仪式中的“诗言志”与“蔽志”,影响了春秋宴享礼中的“赋诗”活动及形态,它们共同构成了一个“言说”的礼乐传统。这一传统造就了《诗》的经典地位,为大夫君子和儒家学者利用《诗》构建新意识形态提供了合法性和话语资源。对“诗言志”的不同理解和应用,形成了多种形态的话语方式,如“断章取义”“信而有征”“文亡隐言”“以意逆志”等;也建构起士大夫阶层多重价值和目标,如“立言不朽”“兴观群怨”“尚友”“发乎情,止乎礼义”等。在汉代大一统意识形态建设过程中,《毛诗序》主张“情”“志”一体,赋予“诗言志”以教化和美刺的内涵,重新定义了士大夫阶层的政治权利和话语方式,客观上也揭示了诗歌以情感人等文学特征,开启了“诗言志”教化诗学的序幕。

In the pre-Qin period,“poetry expresses intent”was not a concept in poetics;its main function lay in the construction of a Confucian ideology with significant discourse connotations.“Poetry expresses intent”in religious ceremonies and bi zhi[a method of divination]influenced the activities and forms of poetic compositions in the spring and autumn feasts and rites,which together constituted a ritual tradition based on verbal expression.This tradition led to the canonical status of the Book of Songs,providing legitimacy and a discourse resource that could be used by high officials and scholars in the construction of new ideologies.Many forms of discourse with different understandings and applications subsequently emerged,such as“quoting out of context,”“borne out by evidence,”“its formal patterns do not hide its words”and“using one’s mind to assess another’s intent,”and multiple elite values and goals were established,such as “undying words,” “stimulation,contemplation,communication and criticism”as the role of poetry,“cherishing friends”and“affection is generated between a man and a woman,but is restrained by ritual.”Throughout the construction of the unified ideology of the Han dynasty,the preface of the Mao version of the Book of Songs advocated integrating emotion and intent.This infused connotations of moral edification and of praise and satire into“poetry expresses intent,”redefining the political power and discourse pattern of the scholar-official class,and objectively revealed literary traits such as touching people with emotion,thus drawing back the curtain on a poetry of moral edification that expressed intent through poetry.