“二等”政要与“三栖”权力——都铎王朝时期英国新型大法官制度的形成

"Second-rank"Politician and"Tripartite"Powers:Formation of the New Breed of Lord Chancellor in Tudor England

都铎王朝时期,在宗教改革与政府革命等因素助推下,近代英国的新型大法官制度基本形成。其一,是专业化和世俗化的实现,中世纪教士大法官向世俗律师大法官转型;其二,是“二等”政要地位的奠定,受国务秘书与枢密院崛起的影响,大法官政治地位有所下降,从中世纪的“首席”大臣降为“二等”政要;其三,是“三栖”权力结构的形成,大法官主要精力从政治活动转向法律事务,其权力范围正式涵盖司法、行政与立法三大领域,横跨法院、政府和议会三大部门。普通法律师出身、“二等”政要和“三栖”权力构成新型大法官的三大近代属性。凭借多重身份和多元权力,大法官扮演着协调政府、议会和法院关系的重要角色,在近代英国政治舞台上表现出强劲的生命力。

Driven by factors such as the Religious Reformation and Government Revolution in Tudor Dynasty,a New Breed of Lord Chancellor came into being.Firstly,the Clergyman Status has been replaced by the common lawyer,which has realized the specialization and secularization.Secondly,with the rise of the Secretary of State and the Privy Council,the political status of the Lord Chancellor declined from the"Chief"Minister in the Middle Ages to the"Second-rank"Politician.Thirdly,the Lord Chancellor’s main energy has shifted from political activities to legal affairs,thus forming a new power structure that spans the branches of the court,the government and the parliament,and covers the judicial,executive and legislative fields.The origin of common lawyer,the"second-rank"political position and the tripartite power structure constitute the three modern attributes of the new-type Lord Chancellor.With its multiple identities and powers,the Lord Chancellor has played an important role in coordinating the relationship among the government,the parliament and the court,showing strong political vitality in the modern British politics.