从准考证看70年高考制度的变迁

Changes in China’s College Entrance Examination System over 70Years from the Perspective of Admission Tickets

准考证作为考生参加高考的唯一凭证,是高考制度的一个实物缩影。本文依据准考证上的关键信息,旁及相关的一手档案文献资料,从高考科目、高考时间、高考日期三个维度对70年高考制度的变迁展开探讨。70年来,保证人才质量和减轻学生负担是高考科目改革的核心要义,从分科考试走向选科考试体现了兼顾二者的不懈探索。高考时间从逐步增加走向科学合理,但由于高考时间缺少明文规定,1978年至1979年部分省份曾出现高考时间可以延长的特殊情况。“文革”前高考的开考日期变动不居,恢复高考之后则表现出较为稳定的态势。高考科目调整属于高考内容改革,触及高考改革的核心领域,牵涉面、覆盖面比较大,在改革中往往会呈现反复和曲折的特点。而像高考时间、高考日期等规范性改革属于高考形式改革,主要起规范和约束作用,呈现逐渐走向稳定和合理的特点。

The admission ticket, as the only confirmation for an examinee to participate in the exam, is a physical miniature of China’s college entrance examination system. According to the key information on the admission ticket, and relevant first-hand files and documents, this study reveals the 70-year history of China’s college entrance examination from three dimensions: subjects, time duration and dates. During the past 70 years,ensuring the quality of talents and reducing the burden of students has been the two essentials of the subject reform on college entrance examination. The tireless exploration to combine both essentials has been reflected in changes from subject-based examination to selective examination. Due to the lack of explicit regulations, some provinces extended the time duration of college entrance examination from 1978 to 1979. Nevertheless, the time duration has gradually become scientific and reasonable. Before the "cultural revolution", the dates of college entrance examination had been variable. Since its resumption, the exam dates have become fixed and quite stable. The adjustment of subjects, which belongs to the content reform and involves key areas of college entrance examination,has undergone a circuitous and repetitive process. The adjustment of time and dates, which belongs to the form adjustment and mainly plays a normative and restrictive role in the reform, has displayed a tendency of gradual stability and rationality.