速生槐叶蘋入侵风险评估及管理措施分析

Invasive risk assessment and management measure analysis of Salvinia molesta D.S.Mitchell

【目的】速生槐叶蘋是一种原产于巴西东南部的多年生漂浮型水生植物,广泛引种至世界各地后逃逸,侵入湖泊、河流和稻田等各种水生生境。通过开展速生槐叶蘋入侵风险评估,进而提出其管理措施,可为其检疫决策及防治提供科学依据。【方法】通过查阅梳理文献,分别对速生槐叶蘋的国内外分布、传播方式及入侵扩散历史、防治方法、生态适应性和抗逆性、生物学和遗传特性、危害性及利用价值等方面进行定性分析。并基于外来植物风险指标体系和判断标准,对4个指标层的17个指标和32个问题进行量化赋值,完成速生槐叶蘋的定量分析。【结果】速生槐叶蘋通过自然和人为传播方式已经入侵全世界57个国家地区,可通过无性繁殖快速分裂生长建立种群,其环境适应性和抗逆性强、竞争能力强、检疫鉴定和根除难度大,对经济、生态和社会造成巨大负面影响。速生槐叶蘋的入侵性R_(1)为72,适应性R_(2)为53,扩散性R_(3)为82,危害性R_(4)为81,风险值R为73.4,应归为严格禁止引入的植物。【结论】尽管速生槐叶蘋在中国的分布范围有限,但属于高入侵风险物种,其潜在的逃逸扩散风险和危害性不可忽视,应严格禁止引入。考虑到该种已经传入我国且有作为观赏植物的市场需求,应制定相应的风险管理制度,定期开展检疫、监测和灭除,防止其逃逸至野外定殖于其他还未发生的地区。

【Aim】Salvinia molesta D.S.Mitchell is a perennial,free-floating aquatic plant native to southeastern Brazil.It has been widely introduced and has escaped into the wild worldwide,invading various aquatic habitats,including lakes,rivers,and rice paddies.Assessing invasive risks and formulating management measures may provide the scientific basis for quarantine decision-making and prevention.【Methods】In this study,by searching and classifying relevant literature,we qualitatively analyzed the domestic and foreign distribution,means of movement and dispersal,invasion and spread history,control methods,ecological adaptability and stress resistance,biological and genetic characteristics,hazard and utilization values of S.molesta.Based on the alien plant risk index system and assignment criteria,17 indices and 32 questions in four index layers were assigned to quantitatively analyze the risk of S.molesta invasion.【Results】We observed that S.molesta has invaded 57 countries and regions through natural and human movement.It undergoes rapid vegetative reproduction through growth and fragmentation to establish populations.S.molesta has strong ecological adaptabilit y,stress resistance,and competitiveness,making quarantine identification and eradication difficult.Thus,it has a significant negative impact on the economy,ecology,and society.The invasibility(R_(1)),adaptability(R_(2)),diffusivity(R_(3)),and harmfulness(R_(4))values were 72,53,82,and 81,respectively.The risk value for S.molesta was 73.4,indicating that it should be classified as a plant that is strictly prohibited from being introduced.【Conclusions】Despite its limited distribution range in China,S.molesta has a high invasive risk,and the possibility of escape,spread,and harm cannot be ignored.Its introduction is strictly prohibited.Considering that this species has been introduced into China and has market demand as an ornamental plant,a corresponding risk management system should be formulated for the regular implementation of quarantine,monitoring,and eradication activities,to prevent it from escaping to the wild and colonizing and spreading to pest-free areas.