40年来职业教育“产教融合、校企合作”的阶段性演变

Stage Evolution of"Industry-education Integration and School-enterprise Cooperation"in Vocational Education over the Past 40 Years

1980年以来至今40余年,职业教育的办学体制机制围绕“产教融合”和“校企合作”两个主命题几经变迁。从20世纪80、90年代的“产教结合、联合办学”起步,依靠校办工厂这一主要载体,采取半工半读的师徒制形式,为彰显职业教育特征的办学模式奠定了良好的基础;跨入新世纪之后,“工学结合、校企合作”的人才培养模式正式确立,订单班是最主要的人才培养载体,校内生产性实训、校外顶岗实习成为主要人才培养形式,标志着职业教育独特办学模式的成型;进入新时代,“产教融合、校企合作”培养模式最终奠定,办学载体向平台化方向发展,产业学院、职教集团等多元化载体大量涌现,中国特色学徒制是这一阶段的主要形式。历经40余年之发展,“产教融合、校企合作”八字箴言成为职业教育共识,产业界与职教界、职业院校与企业之间的融合发展呈现出一个相对理想的面貌。

For more than 40 years since 1980,the mechanism and system of vocational education have changed around the two main propositions of"industry-education integration"and"school-enterprise cooperation".From the 1980s and 1990s,the"industry-education integration and joint schooling"started,relying on the main carrier of school-run factories and the form of half-work and half-apprenticeship,which laid a good foundation for the unique schooling mode that highlights the characteristics of vocational education.After entering the new century,the talent cultivation model of"work-integrated learning and school-enterprise cooperation"was formally established,the ordered class being the main talent cultivation carrier,and the"on-campus practical training together with offcampus internship"the main form of talent training,which marked the initial maturity of vocational education.After entering the new era,the cultivation model of"industry-education integration and school-enterprise cooperation"was finally established,the school carrier being oriented to platform,diversified carriers such as industrial colleges and vocational education groups emergeing in large numbers,and the apprenticeship system with Chinese characteristics being the main form of schooling in this stage.After more than 40 years of development,the eight-word motto of"industry-education integration and school-enterprise cooperation"has become the consensus of vocational education;and the integration and development between industry and vocational education,vocational colleges and enterprises has shown a relatively ideal appearance.