作为至善实现活动的实践--亚里士多德德性论中的实践观

Practice as the realization of the supreme good:Aristotle’s views of practice in virtue ethics

实践是古希腊哲学和城邦生活的重要内容。随着善的理念的乏力,实践指导德性生活的作用被削弱;实践与制作的混淆使得实践作为终极关怀的目的被削弱,沦为一般生活的手段。而作为至善实现活动的实践,从根本上说是一种道德实践,其目的在于个体德性的实现,使得人成为有道德的人;并实现德性与幸福的中道,追求美好生活;最终,从个人德性走向城邦正义,至善与至福相统一的实现有了制度支撑。而实践德性论的实现需要按照正确的“逻各斯”去做,实现道德德性与理智德性的统一;还需要坚持适度原则,以中道应对道德冲突并指导实践;同时,实践目的始终指向人本身,并以教育和法律作为制度支撑。亚里士多德的实践德性论对如何培养有德者和实现美好生活具有指导意义,但它具有轻视劳动、与现实行为相割裂的缺陷。

Practice is an important part of ancient Greek philosophy and city-state life.But with the absent lead-ing of kindness,the role of practice in guiding moral life has been weakened.The confusion between practice and production weakens the purpose of practice as ultimate concern and degraded it as a means of general life.The practice,as the activity of realizing the supreme good,is essentially a genial moral practice.Its purpose is to realize the individual virtue and make people become moral,realize the doctrine of the mean between virtue and happiness and realize the harmony between rational wisdom and practical wisdom.Finally,from personal virtue to city-state justice,the supreme good has institutional support.The realization of practical virtue ethics needs to follow the correct“logos”to realize the unity of moral virtue and rational virtue.It is also needed to adhere to the principle of moderation golden means to deal with moral conflicts.At the same time,the practical purpose always directs people themselves to takes education and law as the institutional support.Aristotle’s theory of practical virtue has guiding significance on how to cultivate virtuous people and realize a better life but it has the defects of neglecting labor and separating from practice.