冷战初期和平利用原子能运动与技术乌托邦实践

Movement for Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy and the Practice of Technological Utopia in the Early Cold War

聚焦20世纪50年代和平利用原子能运动,梳理了原子乌托邦塑造、发展、引发风险、重归反思的过程。根据对档案报告、亲历者回忆录、新闻报道及相关评述等资料的整理分析,认为核应用领域早期的观念、技术选择、利益关联均影响深远。冷战推动超级大国利用已有核基础塑造原子乌托邦,民族独立运动推动大国外的国家步入乌托邦,借助美苏核援助实现自身战略目标。现代社会高耗能的生活方式、对技术效率和规模经济的不懈追求、对人类管理复杂系统和自然现象的过度乐观以及政治社会领域的利益权衡等因素,成为原子乌托邦得以诞生与强化的动力,与大型能源系统暴露出的固有脆弱性在现实中持续碰撞。

Focusing on the movement for the peaceful use of atomic energy in the 1950s,this study analyzes the process of shaping,developing,and triggering risks.Additionally,it provides a reflection of the atomic utopia.The collation and analysis of archival reports,memoirs of witnesses,news reports,and relevant comments show the extensive implications of early ideas,technological choices,and interest relations in the field of nuclear application.The Cold War promoted superpowers to use the existing nuclear foundation to shape the atomic utopia,and the national independence movement encouraged other countries to enter the abovementioned utopia using nuclear power to achieve their own strategic objectives.The high energy consumption of modern society,unremitting pursuit of technical efficiency and economies of scale,excessive optimism of humans in managing complex systems and natural phenomena,and balance of interests in political and social fields promoted the emergence and strengthening of the atomic utopia,thereby mitigating the inherent vulnerability of large-scale energy systems.